Florin Mariasiu

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Biofuel Characteristics on the Injector Nozzle Erosion Process

It is widely known that the use of biofuels is still limited by their particular physical–chemical properties, which are less advantageous than fossil fuels (diesel and gas petro fuels). This amounts to significant apparent differences related to the functional parameters and pollutant emissions (NOx) for compression–ignition (CI) engines fueled with biofuels. Elimination of these shortcomings can be achieved via a modern injection system, an electronically controlled high-pressure common rail system. This is why achieving a precise injection process is necessary, and injection parameters are directly influenced by the phenomenon of cavitation and the erosion process of the injector nozzle. This article presents a computer simulation study of the influence of various fuels (biofuels) on the effect of erosion (and intensity) on the performance of the injection process. The magnitude of the injector nozzle erosion process is different using diesel fuel compared to using biodiesel and pure vegetable oil, implying the need for greater attention to injection system self-development design programs and to the overall maintenance characteristics of CI engines fueled with biodiesel. There are also different patterns of velocity at the nozzle exit for each of the studied cases, differences that have a direct bearing on future fuel spray development inside the combustion chamber.

Development and Implementation of the Hybrid and Electric Systems Architecture Through Methods of Numerical Analysis

The theory that is presented in Chapter 3 represents the mathematical models developed by AVL CRUISE team and points out the characteristic of each vehicle component used in the models created in the following chapters.

Study Case: Comparative Analysis Regarding the Buses Used for Urban Public Transportation for People Within Cluj-Napoca Municipality

The present situation within the Public Transportation Company (CTP—Compania de Transport Public) is as follows.

Simulation in the Loop of Electric Vehicles

The objective of this chapter is to underline the importance of pre‐production and prototyping simulation in the loop of electric vehicles, by considering as many vehicle characteristics as possible. Basic simulations were made, using IPG CarMaker, to simulate electric vehicles with different properties for batteries, transmission, electric motors, aerodynamics of the vehicle, and most importantly, driver properties. This chapter also explains all the necessary steps to create a model and run it in IPG CarMaker, including data exports, so that the results could be reproduced easily. This chapter underlines the importance of batteries and answers the questions: what is the correct number of batteries that a vehicle must equip in order to have a bigger range? Basically, one should carry more batteries that add weight but at what range in price.

Comparative Evaluation for Using Hybrid and Electric Drive Systems in Urban Transportation with Buses

The identification of some optimal routes following the determinations made locally, in the current context, of reaching and applying the strategy objectives of Cluj-Napoca municipality authorities of promoting a common transport sustainable from the point of view of minimizing the pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by adopting some optimal solutions of partially replacing the existing bus fleet, needs creating an initial analysis of direct emissions of pollutants as compared to the EURO 0–EURO 6 pollution norms. The norms are regulated through the EC Regulation no. 595/2009.

Energetic Efficiency of Vehicles Equipped with Hybrid and Electric Drive Systems

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) are equipped with both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, thus using two different sources of energy. Each of these engines can transmit the torque to the wheels through a parallel and/or mixed series system.

Virtual Infrastructure Design of the Routes Used in Computer Simulations

AVL Road Importer is an AVL CONCERTO™ option. The purpose of this option is to convert any GPS data or x, y data of a real road into a format readable by AVL CONCERTO™.

Design of Hybrid and Electric Drive Systems in the IPG TruckMaker Software Application

A virtual vehicle is a model created based on a mathematical system of a real vehicle, the model having the technical-functional characteristics identical to the model from the real world. The virtual model is build based on the parameterized data which reflect the constructive properties of the studied vehicle.

Loop Powertrain Simulation

This chapter unites all information from previous chapters’ simulations in IPG CarMaker simulation environment. Is starting with the virtual vehicle environment import, the main GUI, vehicle configuration, body configuration, suspensions, steering gear ratio, brakes, tires, and powertrain. A special attention is dedicated to the importance of how to configure the maneuvers, road and driver, and simulated environment. Also, how to create a CRUISE—CarMaker co-simulation is presented, with all interfaces, and possible results can be obtained for an electric model.

Hybrid Powertrain Configuration Model and Simulation

This chapter presents the modelling and simulation of a hybrid vehicle with CVT model in AVL CRUISE, starting from the configuration of the basic model: from IC Engine, E-Machine, and battery to the final drive and wheels. Detailed explications are given about how to run a simulation, to use result manager and how to export all simulation results, together with examples of graphs that can be obtained from such a simulation.