Francisco Pablo Holgado

Factor Structure Invariance in the Children's Big Five Questionnaire

The factor structure invariance in the Big Five personality questionnaire was studied based on the self-reports of 852 Spanish children. Different degrees of invariance across age groups from 8 to 15 years old, and also according to gender, were investigated by means of confirmatory factor analysis with a matrix of polychoric correlations. The results provide empirical evidence for the invariant factor structure of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C) measurement across age and gender in children. The five-factor structure, the factor pattern coefficients, the factor variances/co-variances and, finally, the theoretical constructs were all found to be reasonably invariant across these groups, and especially across gender. The five-factor model adequately represented the data for each of these groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Enacted and internalized stigma and quality of life among people with HIV: the role of group identity

PurposeThis study analyzes the mediating role of social identity in the relationship between enacted stigma and internalized stigma and quality of life of people with HIV.MethodsA total of 557 people with HIV participated in this study. Participants were recruited from hospitals and non-governmental organizations. Questionnaires measuring perceived stigma (Berger’s HIV Stigma Scale), social identity (Cameron’s three factor identity scale), and quality of life (Ruiz and Baca’s Quality of Life Questionnaire) were administered. The instruments were adapted for use with the Spanish population. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the mediation model, and multigroup SEM was conducted to evaluate its invariance.ResultsBoth enacted stigma and internalized stigma had a negative influence on the quality of life of people with HIV, but this influence occurred in different ways. Enacted stigma had a direct negative influence on quality of life. No dimension of group identity protected people with HIV from its negative influence. However, the negative influence of internalized stigma was totally mediated by some dimensions of group identification, mainly through in-group affect.ConclusionsGroup identification not only did not protect people with HIV from the negative effects of stigmatization, but it may even be detrimental in the case of internalized stigma. This suggests that in highly stigmatized groups, the salience of identity is negative and worsens the members’ opinion of their own group. This argues for different kinds of intervention to improve the quality of life of people with HIV.

Relative and absolute stability in perceived parenting behaviour: a longitudinal study with children and adolescents.

Patterns of relative and absolute stability in parental behaviour with children and adolescents are reported. The sample comprised 523 youth (58.7% girls). Data were collected at three time periods: T1 (M age = 11.1 yr.), T2 (M age = 12.2 yr.), and T3 (M age = 13.2 yr.), each separated by one year. According to childrens reports, relative consistency was moderate in both mothers and fathers, particularly as regards communication and strict control. In contrast, as children got older, parental rearing practices related to strict control and hostility decreased. There was a similarity between fathers and mothers in terms of relative and absolute stability. Relative stability was affected by the childs sex, the parenting variable, and the time period; however, the patterns of absolute stability reveal no differences by sex.

Effects of Parental Interpersonal Power/Prestige and Acceptance on the Psychological Adjustment of Spanish Youth

This article analyzed the moderator role of perceived interpersonal power and prestige in the relation between perceived parental acceptance and children’s psychological adjustment. The sample consisted of 187 children (43% boys) ranging in age from 9 through 12 years (M = 10.58). The measures used were the child versions of the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire, the youth version of the Parental Power–Prestige Questionnaire, and the child version of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire. Results indicate that perceived maternal acceptance and perceived paternal acceptance were significantly related to children’s psychological adjustment. Paternal acceptance was also significantly related to both interpersonal power and prestige. Results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that perceived parental acceptance and interpersonal prestige made significant independent contributions to children’s (both boys’ and girls’) psychological adjustment. Analyses of the interactions between these variables revealed a moderating role of both perceived interpersonal power and prestige in the relationship between perceived paternal acceptance and children’s psychological adjustment.

Social and Environmental Responsibility in the Banking Industry: A Focus on Commercial Business

The purpose of this chapter is to measure social and environmental responsibility in the commercial activities of banks (external CSR performance)—in contrast to other models based on internal stakeholders—and define to what extent it is influenced by a bank’s size, banking model or business specialization. The banking sector is composed of diverse entities, which is not usually considered when social and environmental responsibility is defined and measured. Business risks and impacts of small- and medium-sized entities oriented to the commercial retail market are different from those of universal banks—which are highly diversified—both in financial and sustainable terms. Thus, the way CSR is being addressed by the banking industry should be reviewed to determine if there are diverse intra-sectorial approaches. An empirical analysis of European banks suggests that the current homogenization of the banking industry is unfavorable in terms of sustainability and responsibility.

Adaptation of the HIV Stigma Scale in Spaniards with HIV.

The primary goal of this study was to adapt Berger, Ferrans, & Lahley (2001) HIV Stigma Scale in Spain, using Bunn, Solomon, Miller, & Forehand (2007) version. A second goal assessed whether the four-factor structure of the adapted scale could be explained by two higher-order dimensions, perceived external stigma and internalized stigma. A first qualitative study (N = 40 people with HIV, aged 28-59) was used to adapt the items and test content validity. A second quantitative study analyzed construct and criterion validity. In this study participants were 557 people with HIV, aged 18-76. The adapted HIV Stigma Scale for use in Spain (HSSS) showed a good internal consistency (α = .88) and good construct validity. Confirmatory Factor Analyses yielded a first-order, four-factor structure and a higher-order, bidimensional structure with the two expected factors (RMSEA = .051, 90% CI [.046, .056]; RMR = .073; GFI = .96; AGFI = .96; CFI = .98). Negative relations were found between stigma and quality of life (r = -.39; p < .01), self-efficacy to cope with stigma (r = -.50; p < .01) and the degree of HIV status disclosure (r = -.35; p < .01). Moreover, the people who had suffered AIDS-related opportunistic infections had a higher score in the Perceived External Stigma dimension than those who had not suffered them, t (493) = 3.02, p = .003, d = 0.26.