Friedrich Schöne

The potential anticarcinogenic conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9,trans-11 C18:2, in milk of different species: Cow, goat, ewe, sow, mare, woman

The distribution of the potential anticarcinogenic fatty acid cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (rumenic acid) and other trans and cis fatty acids in milk fat of different ruminants and non-ruminants including human milk was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The CLA isomer cis-9,trans-11 was the predominant found. Its variation in milk fat of the bulk and individual samples was substantial (0.07 – 1.35% of FAME). Because feed composition and rumen microflora influence isomerisation of linoleic acid in the rumen, factors such as farm management and season were taken into consideration. CLA in milk of all ruminants was season-dependent and there exists a close positive correlation to trans vaccenic acid. Ewe milk is rich in CLA (1.1%). Among non-ruminants mare milk was nearly CLA-free (0.09%). Human milk contained significantly more CLA (0.42%, P < 0.01) in comparison wih the analyzed milk of the other monogastrides. There are differences between milk- and non-milk drinkers. The arrangement of the species according to the increasing CLA concentration in milk is: mare, sow, woman, goat, cow, ewe. The higher CLA content of ruminant milk compared with non-ruminant species is inversely correlated to the content of PUFA and partly to MUFA.

Conjugated linoleic acids : Physiological effects in animal and man with special regard to body composition

Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany In the last decade, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to have some beneficial (but also unfavourable) effects: anticarcinogenic properties, immune modulation, reduction of body fat and increase of lean body mass, normalisation of impaired glucose tolerance, promotion of fatty streak formation, and isomer-specific effects. The research base on CLA has been derived almost exclusively from animal models, while some of the biological properties have been fairly well-documented, others are still open to question. For about 5 years a lot of commercial CLA mixtures have been offered. These mixtures produced from linoleic acid-rich oil like sunflower or safflower oil by alkali isomerization contained, besides cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers (about 20—40% of each), parts of cis,cis and trans,trans isomers as well. The quality of the recent products is significantly improved and they contain only two CLA isomers: cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. CLA play apparently a key role in regulating body composition. Several studies showed a reduction in body fat mass and a slight increase in lean body mass depending on the species. A possible explanation for the decrease of body fat may be a stimulation of lipolysis and a reduction of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipocytes. In adipose and muscle tissue a CLA-stimulated increase of carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity resulting in an enhanced fatty acid oxidation was shown. There is evidence that CLA provide protection against cytokine-induced (Tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1) skeletal-muscle catabolism (anabolic effect). The body composition modulating effects are most impressive in rodents and seem to become smaller in pigs and in humans. Data on humans are insufficient. Further research is essential to characterize the multifunctionality of CLA in humans, in order to identify the specific physiological mechanism of the biologically active isomers and to determine the optimal level of these isomers for beneficial effects.

Iodine concentration of milk in a dose-response study with dairy cows and implications for consumer iodine intake.

Most feed is poor in iodine and iodine supplementation of cows diets must guarantee milk iodine concentrations for humans that contribute to prevention of the deficiency and minimize the risk of exceeding an upper limit of iodine intake. Five Holstein cows were fed four iodine doses (via Ca(Iota O(3))(2).6H(2)O). In four sequential 14-d periods, doses of 0.2 (basal diet), 1.3, 5.1, and 10.1 mg iodine kg(-1) diet dry matter (DM) were administered. Samples of milk were collected during each period; blood was also sampled from each cow for each iodine dosage. In an 18-d depletion period, a non-supplemented diet was provided. Iodine was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The iodine content of milk and serum reflected the iodine dosages in feed significantly. The levels for the four doses tested in milk were 101+/-32, 343+/-109, 1215+/-222, and 2762+/-852 microg iodine kg(-1). The total amount of iodine in milk per day was 30-40% of ingested supplemental iodine. Omitting additional iodine resulted in a short-term reduction of serum and milk iodine following an exponential decay function. The iodine supplementation of 0.5-1.5 mg kg(-1) diet DM represents the requirement of the cow, resulting in 100-300 microg iodine L(-1) milk, which optimally contributes to human supply. The maximum dietary levels of former and present EU legislations (10 and 5 mg iodine kg(-1) cow feed) increase the risk of iodine excess in humans.

Rapeseed Meals, Methimazole, Thiocyanate and Iodine Affect Growth and Thyroid. Investigations into Glucosinolate Tolerance in the Pig

In two factorial experiments with a total of 81 growing pigs, the effects of antithyroid compounds and rapeseed meal (RSM) diets differing in glucosino-late content were tested without or with supplementary iodine. In Experiment 1, a 4×3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate the effects of antithyroid compound inclusion and supplementary iodine. Pigs received a grain–soya bean meal diet (control) or this diet with 250 mg kg-1 methimazole (MMI), 1000 mg kg-1 thiocyanate (SCN- as KSCN) or 80 g kg-1 high glucosinolate RSM (9·5 mmol glucosinolates kg-1), each diet supplemented without or with iodine; 0, 125 μg kg-1 (requirement) or 500 μg kg-1. In Experiment 2, a 5×3 factorial arrangement was used to study the effects of dietary glucosinolate content and iodine supplementation. Pigs received a grain–soya bean meal diet or four diets with 160 g kg-1 RSM differing in glucosinolate content (0·6, 2·4, 6 or 19 mmol kg-1 diet), each diet supplemented with iodine: 62·5 μg kg-1, 125 μg kg-1 (requirement) or 250 μg kg-1. Irrespective of the iodine dosage, MMI suppressed production of thyroxine and resulted in goitre, myxoedema and cretinism. SCN- induced clinical hypothyroidism when there was no supple-mental iodine. Despite high iodine supplementation, glucosinolate load (19 mmol kg-1 diet) decreased growth, feed intake, iodine store of the thyroid and serum concentration of thyroid hormone and resulted in goitre formation. In the case of diets with ⩽6 mmol glucosinolates kg-1, iodine prevented antithyroid effects. However, more iodine was required by these pigs than by control animals to a high T4 serum concentration. The lowest glucosinolate level tested (0·6 mmol kg-1 diet) yielded the same thyroid hormone status and thyroid weight as the control, however, the iodine content of thyroid gland was decreased. In conclusion, iodine administration prevents the effects of a low glucosinolate intake only, by overcoming the depressed thyroxine released of the thyroid, resulting in regression of goitre.

Influence of roasting conditions on health-related compounds in different nuts.

Due to their health-beneficial ingredients the consumption of nuts can contribute to a healthy diet. The composition of hazelnuts, almonds, macadamia nuts, pistachios and walnuts regarding health-promoting and potentially harmful compounds was examined before and after roasting under different time and temperature conditions. Fatty acid compositions were not affected by roasting. Malondialdehyde increased with higher roasting temperatures (17-fold in walnuts). Levels of tocopherol isomers were reduced after roasting (α-T: 38%, β-T: 40%, γ-T: 70%) and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity decreased significantly in hazelnuts (1.4-fold), macadamia nuts (1.7-fold) and walnuts (3.7-fold). Increasing roasting temperatures supported the formation of significant amounts of acrylamide only in almonds (1220 μg kg(-1)). In general, nuts roasted at low/middle temperatures (120-160°C) exhibited best sensory properties. Therefore, desired sensory quality along with a favourable healthy nut composition may be achieved by roasting over a low to medium temperature range.

Influence of oilseeds in combination with vitamin E supplementation in the diet on backfat quality of pigs

Abstract To study combination effects of oilseeds and vitamin E supplements in the diet on backfat quality, two feeding experiments with a total of 60 growing-finishing pigs were designed. Experiment 1 (24 pigs) included a control group with a cereal/soybean-meal diet and two experimental groups with 100 g kg −1 rapeseed or 200 g kg −1 full-fat soybeans, resulting in an increase of ether extract from 28 to 74 or 69 g kg −1 respectively. Three weeks before slaughter, four animals of each group were fed additionally with 1 g α-tocopherol acetate per animal per day. In experiment 2, four groups of nine pigs each received a cereal/soybean meal diet, and 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks before slaughtering, the animals were given 1 g α-tocopherol acetate per day. Tocopherol concentration in blood, liver, muscle and backfat was determined by applying the HPLC technique. In addition, the fatty acid pattern of the backfat was analyzed using capillary gas chromatography and the oxidative stability of the fat was determined using the Rancimat test. In experiment 1, oilseed influenced the fatty acid pattern of the backfat. The percentage of linolic and linolenic acid increased significantly and a tendency towards lower proportions of saturated fatty acids was detected. However, the full-fat soybean diet decreased the percentage of oleic acid significantly. Vitamin E supplements three weeks before slaughter increased vitamin E concentration of backfat from 12.3 to 31.1 mg kg −1 . The response to dietary α-tocopherol intake in the various organs was found to be in the sequence liver > subcutaneous fat > serum > muscle. Oxidative induction time of backfat varied between 2.9 and 13.7 h depending on the fatty acid pattern and the vitamin E concentration. The shortest induction times were observed when oilseed without vitamin E supplements were fed. The longest times were observed after feeding the soybean/cereal diet with vitamin E supplements. In experiment 2, vitamin E concentration of backfat was much lower (ranging between 7.0 and 12.8 mg kg −1 ) than in experiment 1. Vitamin E administration over three weeks doubled vitamin E concentration in backfat and also induction time. Results demonstrate the antioxidative effects of vitamin E and its meat quality improving properties.

Zur Wirkung von Rapsölfütterung an Milchkühe auf das Fettsäurenspektrum des Butterfettes

ZusammenfassungButter weist einen hohen Anteil an Laurin-, Myristin-und Palmitinsäure auf, die als hypercholesterämisch gelten. Ein Austausch des üblichen Nahrungsfettes durch Rapsöl bewirkt beim Menschen einen Abfall des Serumcholesterols.Durch Verfütterung verschiedener Mengen von Vollfettraps und ölreichem Rapskuchen an Milchkühe sollte geprüft werden, inwieweit das Fettsäurenspektrum der Milch qualitativ zu verbessern ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Anstieg der Jodzahl und damit der Streichfähigkeit des Butterfettes. Die Anteile an Laurin-, Myristin-und Palmitinsäure (LMP) verminderten sich um etwa 18 % der Gesamtfettsäuren. Signifikante Anstiege ergaben sich besonders für die Stearin- und Ölsäure, aber auch für dietrans-Vaccensäure.Es kann gefolgert werden, daß durch den erhöhten Anteil an cholesterolsenkenden Fettsäuren (C18 und C18:1) sowie die Abnahme der cholesterolsteigernden Fettsäuren (LMP) eine Butter mit verbesserten ernährungsphysiologischen Eigenschaften zur Verfügung steht.SummaryButter is rich in lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids which are assumed to be hypercholesterolemic. The replacement of usual dietary fat by rapeseed oil induces a serum cholesterol decrease.The objective of the study consisted in measuring the influence of feeding different amounts of full-fat rapeseed or oil-rich rapeseed cake to dairy cows to improve the fatty acid composition of milk fat.The results demonstrate a significant increase of iodine number and spreadability of butter. The percentage of lauric+myristic+palmitic acid (LMP) decreased by about 18 % of whole fatty acids. Stearic and oleic acid increased significantly but the percentage oftrans octadecenoic acid increased too.It can be concluded that the special butter has a nutritionally improved fat characterized by an increase of cholesterol-lowering fatty acids (C18 and C18:1) and a decline of cholesterol-elevating fatty acids (LMP).

Effects of rapeseed‐press cake glucosinolates and iodine on the performance, the thyroid gland and the liver vitamin a status of pigs

Rapeseed press cake (per kg DM 181 g EE, 341 g CP and 23.3 mmol glucosinolates) was tested in a long‐term experiment with a total of sixty pigs (live weight range 24 to 104 kg). The 3×2 factorial design consisted of three rapeseed press cake levels (no rapeseed press cake ‐ control, 75g or 150g rapeseed press cake per kg diet) each with two iodine dosages (125 or 250 μg supplementary iodine per kg diet). Reduced feed intake and depressed weight gain were found in groups receiving 150 g rapeseed press cake per kg diet, which correspond to 3.2mmol glucosinolates per kg diet. At an inclusion level of 75 g rapeseed‐press cake per kg diet no differences in feed intake and growth intensity were recorded in comparison to the rape feed free control. The rapeseed‐press cake diet increased the weight of thyroid gland and liver and decreased the serum thyroxine (T4) concentration. Higher iodine dosage increased the serum T4 concentration of pigs receiving 75 g rapeseed press cake per kg diet ( = 1.6 mmol glucosinolates per kg diet) to the level of the control group and retarded the enlargement of the thyroid gland. Intake of rapeseed products lowered the iodine content of the thyroid gland, however, there was no significant difference between groups given 1.6 and 3.2 mmol glucosinolates per kg diet. The vitamin A content of the whole liver and the vitamin A serum concentration were not influenced by the diets tested. However, rapeseed press cake and the glucosinolates, respectively, decreased the vitamin A concentration per gram liver due to the organ enlargement and the resulting dilution effect.

Untersuchungen zur Phosphorversorgung von Schweinen im Lebendmasseabschnitt von 11–38 kg

The influence of phosphorus supply on performance and nutrient composition of the empty body was studied in two individual feeding experiments with two and three groups resp. (7 or 8 animals per group). The phosphorus content of the unsupplemented diet was in the experiments I and II 2.97 and 2.41 g/kg, the supplemented phosphorus (as monocalcium phosphate) amounted of 2.5 and 2.33 g/kg diet respectively. The phosphorus supplementation increased live weight gain in both experiments by 84 and 45% and improved feed conversion by 35 and 23% respectively. Phosphorus deficiency did not influence the digestibility of nutrients. The fat content of soft tissue and skeleton of the phosphorus deficient animals was increased. They deposited 0.7 kg more fat (in both experiments) and 1.5 or 0.7 kg less protein in experiment I and II respectively. The utilisation of energy for deposition was not influenced by the different phosphorus supply.

Nutritional assessment of genetically modified rapeseed synthesizing high amounts of mid-chain fatty acids including production responses of growing-finishing pigs

Abstract The nutritive value of genetically modified myristic acid-rich rapeseed, in which a acyl-thioesterase gene inserted, was studied. Crude nutrients, amino acid and fatty acid profiles as well as mineral and glucosinolate contents were determined and compared with those of the non-transgenic parental cultivar. The concentration of crude nutrients, minerals and amino acids were found to be within the range of natural variance. The myristic and palmitic acid content increased from 0.1 – 11.4% and from 3.6 – 20%, respectively, at the expense of oleic acid, which decreased from 68.6 – 42.6% of total fatty acids. The glucosinolate contents increased from 12.4 µmol/g in the parental plant to 19 µmol/g DM in the GM-plant. Full-fat rapeseed of both cultivars was incorporated in pig diets at a level of 15%, and the digestibility and the production efficiency were tested under ad libitum feeding conditions with ten pigs each over the growing finishing period from 32 – 105 kg BW. The experimental diets did not show significant differences in digestibility and energetic feeding value. However, feed intake and weight gain decreased presumably due to the increasing glucosinolate intake associated with the feeding of transgenic rapeseed. The dietary fatty acids profile influenced the fatty acid profile of body fat. Myristic acid accumulated in back fat and intramuscular fat while the oleic acid content decreased. The increased glucosinolate intake affected the weight of thyroid glands and their iodine concentration.