Gisele Fernanda Mouro

Substituição do Milho pela Farinha de Mandioca de Varredura em Dietas de Cabras em Lactação: Fermentação Ruminal e Concentrações de Uréia Plasmática e no Leite

The objectives of this work were to evaluate effects of replacing corn by cassava by-product meal, in diets of Saanen lactating goats, on potencial, effective and corrected effective degradability of diets with steers, and on ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations in lactating goats. Two steers and four multiparous goats fitted with ruminal cannula and 100 days in milking were used. The design was a 4 x 4 Latin square and treatments as following: 0, 33, 67 and 100% replacement of corn by cassava by-product meal. Rations degradability was determined using in situ technique. Potential degradability of experimental diets showed small variation for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch (S) but effective and corrected effective degradability increased as corn was replaced by cassava by-product meal. Treatments did not influence ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia, PUN and MUN concentrations. There was a positive correlation (P<0.05; r = 0.9288) between PUN and MUN concentrations, making possible PUN estimation from the equation: PUN (mg/dL) = 0.7672*MUN (mg/dL) + 7.4894. These results permit to conclude that cassava by-product meal can be used in lactating goat diets, as 30% of DM, in total replacing of corn, without problems in ruminal fermentation and protein metabolism.

Substituição do Milho pela Farinha de Mandioca de Varredura em Dietas de Cabras em Lactação: Produção e Composição do Leite e Digestibilidade dos Nutrientes

The objectives of this work were to evaluate effects of replacing corn by cassava by-product meal, in diets of Saanen lactating goats, on milk production and composition (total solids and crude protein), nutrient apparent digestibility and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of diets. Four multiparous goats fitted with ruminal cannula, with 100 days of lactation, were used. The design was a 4 x 4 Latin square and treatments as following: 0, 33, 67 and 100% replacement of corn by cassava by-product [...]The objectives of this work were to evaluate effects of replacing corn by cassava by-product meal, in diets of Saanen lactating goats, on milk production and composition (total solids and crude protein), nutrient apparent digestibility and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of diets. Four multiparous goats fitted with ruminal cannula, with 100 days of lactation, were used. The design was a 4 x 4 Latin square and treatments as following: 0, 33, 67 and 100% replacement of corn by cassava by-product meal. Treatments did not affect intake, fecal flow and dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral fiber detergent (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) total digestion (AD) and total digestibility (DIG). There was a linear fecal flow decrease and a starch digestibility increase with cassava by-product meal inclusion. TDN did not differ among diets with an average of 71.59%. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.9472) between OMDIG and TDN, making possible TDN estimation from the equation: TDN (%) = 0.8897OMDIG (%) + 10.9940 (R2 = 0.8972). Cassava by-product inclusion did not affect milk production and composition (total solids and crude protein). These results permit to recommend inclusion of cassava by-product in goat lactating diets, in total replacement of corn without problems related to nutrient digestibility and milk production.

Fontes de carboidratos e porcentagem de volumosos em dietas para ovinos: balanço de nitrogênio, digestibilidade e fluxo portal de nutrientes

Avaliou-se a influencia de duas fontes de carboidrato (casca de soja e milho em grao) e de dois niveis (40 e 70%) de volumoso nas dietas sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o balanco de nitrogenio e o fluxo portal de nutrientes em ovinos. Foram utilizados quatro ovinos Corriedale (45 kg PV) com tres cateteres implantados (veia e arteria mesenterica e veia porta), distribuidos em delineamento quadrado latino. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi obtida utilizando-se a tecnica de coleta total de fezes e urina e o fluxo portal de nutrientes pelo principio de Fick. A digestibilidade da MS das dietas contendo milho (66,7%) foi maior que daquelas contendo casca de soja (60,9%). A ingestao (789,7 g/dia), a digestao (444,2 g/dia) e a digestibilidade (56,2%) da FDN foram maiores para as dietas contendo casca de soja como fonte de carboidrato. As dietas contendo milho proporcionaram maior ingestao e digestao do EE. Houve efeito da interacao fonte de carboidrato ´ proporcao de volumoso sobre a ingestao e a digestao dos CNF. Os valores de ingestao e digestao nas dietas com milho foram maiores na menor proporcao de volumoso, mas, naquelas com casca de soja, nao foram influenciados pelas proporcoes de volumoso estudadas. O teor de NDT foi maior para as dietas contendo milho. Dietas com 40% de volumoso resultaram em menores perdas fecais e urinarias e em maiores digestibilidade e retencao de nitrogenio. As concentracoes portal e arterial de glicose foram maiores para dietas contendo milho e para aquelas contendo 40% de volumoso. As concentracoes portal de amonia e ureia, assim como a diferenca venosa-arterial e o fluxo portal de amonia, foram menores para dietas com 40% de volumoso.

Evaluation of Apis mellifera Carniolan and Africanized honey bees in royal jelly production

Investigations were carried out to evaluate Africanized and Carniolan hybrid Apis mellifera honeybees in royal jelly production. Ten colonies were randomly collected in nature and housed in Langstroth beehives. Each hive was having two nuclei with five frames. In superior nucleus frame was containing 28 acrylic cups in two bars. The five colonies with the best production remained in the experiment and their queens replaced by the respective daughters. Carniolan queens were placed in the five Africanized honeybees colonies with lower production. The hybrid Carniolan showed a higher production (P=0.0001) of royal jelly per colony, in three-day collect (3.95 ± 2.92 g) when compared to the Africanized honeybees (2.23 ± 2.13 g). The Carniolan also had a higher percentage of larvae acceptance (55.45 ± 36.7%) compared to the Africanized honeybees (35.8 ± 28.3%).

Fontes de proteína, ingestão de alimentos e fluxo esplâncnico de nutrientes em ovinos

Three wethers averaging 50 kg LW, fitted with four catheters, in the mesenteric vein, mesenteric artery, portal vein and hepatic vein, were used to evaluate nutrient intake and glucose, α-amino nitrogen, ammonia and urea splanchnic fluxes in sheep fed with different protein sources. Statistical design was a 3x3 Latin square. Treatments consisted of three different protein sources utilization: soybean meal, hydrolyzed feather meal and corn gluten meal. There were no treatment effects over intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Portal, hepatic and arterial concentrations for glucose, α -amino nitrogen, ammonia and urea were not affected by different protein sources. Only glucose portal flux increased and α-amino nitrogen flux decreased when corn gluten meal as protein source was used. Nutrient hepatic extraction rate were -10.51, 4.07, 47.69 and -4.81% for glucose, α-amino nitrogen, ammonia and urea, respectively, and there was no difference among treatments.

Fontes de carboidratos e ionóforo em dietas contendo óleo vegetal para ovinos: digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio e fluxo portal de nutrientes

ABSTRACT - The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the effects of two carbohydrate sources (soybean hulls andcorn grain) with and without monensin on digestibility, nitrogen balance and portal nutrient flux in sheep fed high vegetableoil diets. Four Corriedale wethers averaging 54 kg of body weight and fitted with catheters in the mesenteric and portal veinsand also in the mesenteric artery were used. Digestibility and nitrogen balance were determined using total collection of fecesand urine. Net nutrient flux was calculated using the Fick principle. Intake, fecal excretion, digestion and digestibility of drymatter (DM), organic matter (OM) and ether extract (EE) were not affected by treatments. However, intake, digestion anddigestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were higher when animals were fed soybean hulls (757.0 g/d, 531.1 g/d and 70.2%)rather than corn grain (392.3, 199.9 g/d and 51.0%). Conversely, intake, digestion and digestibility of nonfiber carbohydrates(NFC) as well as TDN content were greater on corn (474.6 g/d, 416.8 g/d, 87.8%, 80.2%) than on soybean hulls diets(148.0 g/d, 97.8 g/d and 66.1%, 76.7%). There was no effect of monensin on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Fecalexcretion of protein was lower and protein digestibility was higher for corn diets. Alpha-amino-nitrogen concentration inarterial and portal plasma was lower for diets supplemented with monensin (3.161 and 2.922 mM) compared to non-supplemented monsesin diets (3.530 and 3.218 mM), respectively. Portal concentration (0.419 vs. 0.516 mM), venous-arterial difference (0.230 vs. 0.317 mM), and portal flux (26.119 vs. 37.041 mM/h) of ammonia were all lower on corn diets.Key Words: corn, digestibility, monensin, nitrogen balance, portal flow, soybean hulls

Farinha de penas hidrolisada em dietas de ovinos

The objective of this study was to evaluate apparent digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance and plasma urea nitrogen in diets with different levels of hydrolyzed feather meal inclusion. Five wethers with 50 kg of live weight were used. A 5 x 5 Latin square experimental design was used and the treatments were as following: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of soybean meal plus urea by hydrolyzed feather meal. Total feces and urine collection was used for apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance. Hydrolyzed feather meal inclusion produced a quadratic response for protein intake and a negative linear response for protein digestion. Fecal excretion increased linearly and digestibility decreased linearly for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with hydrolyzed feather meal inclusion. Hydrolyzed feather meal inclusion decreased linearly total digestible intake and produced a linear effect for all variables evaluated in nitrogen balance. There was a positive response for feces and urine nitrogen excretion and a negative response for dry matter digestibility and plasma urea nitrogen. There was a quadratic effect for intake nitrogen and nitrogen retention.

Efeito do período experimental sobre a digestão parcial e total em bovinos alimentados com dois níveis de volumosos

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos de dois periodos experimentais e dois niveis de volumosos na dieta sobre a digestibilidade total e parcial da materia seca (MS), materia orgânica (MO), proteina bruta (PB), fibra em detergente acido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), energia bruta (EB) e amido. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos da raca Holandes Preto e Branco, com dois anos de idade e 340 kg de peso vivo e canulados no rumen e duodeno. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4, em que os animais receberam quatro tratamentos, que consistiram de dois niveis de volumosos (30 e 70%) e dois periodos experimentais (14 e 21 dias). Houve efeito significativo do nivel de volumoso sobre a digestibilidade ruminal de FDA e FDN, a digestibilidade intestinal e total da MS, MO, PB e amido e a digestibilidade total da EB. Nao houve efeito do periodo experimental sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes avaliados. Conclui-se que a utilizacao de periodo experimental de 14 dias, em experimentos de digestao, e viavel, quando se utiliza feno como fonte de volumoso.