Giuliano Bernini

Negative Sentences in the Languages of Europe: A Typological Approach

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Negative Items and Negation Strategies in Nonnative Italian

Acquisition of negation in Italian as a second language (L2) is investigated on the basis of the longitudinal data of five learners with different first languages (L1s) in the framework of a functional approach focusing on the semantic and pragmatic principles governing the organization of learner varieties and the process of their complexification. Negation develops in a cumulative process in four successive stages. New constructions entering into interlanguage (IL) at each stage effect reduction in frequency of use of previous constructions that specialize for special functions, such as constituent negation. The acquisition process provides insight into some of the mechanisms involved in the processing and filtering of grammatical elements from the input and into strategies employed by the learners to integrate the expression of the scope of negation into the syntactic organization of their variety. The results contribute to a better understanding of the acquisition processes of negation in L2s, allowing the comparison of the development of a relatively straightforward target with an invariable preverbal particle, Italian, with the better investigated development of the complexpatterns of English and German.

Eurotyp, 8, Pragmatic Organization of Discourse in the Languages of Europe

The volume is a collection of papers reporting the results of investigations on the interaction of discourse and sentence structure in the languages of Europe. The subjects discussed in the book include: morphosyntactic characteristics of spontaneous spoken texts; different patterns of word order in a pragmatic perspective; the coding of the pragmatic functions topic and focus in sentences with non-canonical word orders (e.g. dislocations, clefts); the range of functions of verb-subject order in declarative clauses and the notion of theticity; prosodic patterns of de-accenting of given information; deixis and anaphora; coding of definiteness and article systems. The book provides the empirical basis for the comparative survey of major phenomena found in the languages of Europe which have pragmatic relevance. Beside traditional areas of investigation at the interface between syntax and pragmatics such as dislocations, new areas are explored, such as the prosody of given information. Data are considered within a functional-typological approach.

Strategie di lessicalizzazione : tipologia e apprendimento il caso dei verbi di moto

SummaryDevelopment of motion verbs is explored on the background of Leonard Talmy’s »verbframed« and »satellite-framed« language types on the basis of the longitudinal data of second language spontaneous learners of Italian with different first languages. The acquisition process appears to be mainly oriented towards the »verb-framed« type despite the ambiguous target language input. However the overall orientation of the acquisition process is punctuated by »satellite-framed« lexical types expressing direction out of a relatum. The »satellite-framed« lexical types as the learners’ autonomous productions are shown to result from the markedness relationships characterizing the direction out of a relatum with respect to the opposite direction. These formations are the basis for a convergence towards the target language ambiguous typology in the lexicalisation of path and deixis. These results allow a better understanding of the ways in which a language may drift away from a »verb-framed« type of lexicalisation of motion events, showing the contribution of second language studies to questions of theoretical relevance.

Approcci funzionalisti attuali alla luce delle categorie saussuriane

On the background of three major pairs of Saussurean categories, namely arbitrariness and motivation, langue and parole, synchrony and diachrony, the impact of the seminal Cours de linguistique generale on the functional approaches to the study of language is evaluated in the 100th anniversary of its publication. The functionalist approaches are shown to have privileged the study of the motivation of linguistic signs, of the phenomena observable in the speakers’ speech acts (parole) and of the developments they trigger in the course of time. The concentration on these three poles in the consideration of language phenomena has resulted in the neglecting of the aim of linguistic research mentioned in the last statement of the Cours, namely the study of language in se and per se.

Il ruolo della lingua materna nell'acquisizione di L2 in prospettiva tipologica

Typological distance, claimed to govern L1 influence in second language acquisition, is defined on the basis of shared grammatical categories and features of the languages involved and of the asymmetries of their features in terms of markedness. L1 influence and typological distance with respect to the L2 are in inversely proportional terms. L1 influence is respectively superficial and form oriented or deep, occurring at abstract levels of the grammatical system or conditioning the orientation of the acquisition process. Parameters of typological distance and related types of influence are illustrated on the basis of Italian and other Indoeuropean and non-Indoeuropean languages. The acknowledggment of typological distance as a relevant factor in L1 influence in second language acquisition allows a better diagnosis of learners’ errors.