Gizem Bulut

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Turgutlu (Manisa—Turkey)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A comprehensive ethnobotanical study was made in Turgutlu. This paper contains folk medicinal plants and ethnopharmacological information of this ethnobotanical study. AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study is to collect and identify the plants used in therapy by the local people and to reveal information on traditional herbal medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was made between 2010 and 2011 and its materials were the plants collected during the field work. The information was obtained through open and semi-structured interviews with the local people. In addition, informant consensus factor (FIC) and use value (UV) were calculated. RESULTS 76 Folk medicinal plants belonging to 44 families were identified in this study. Among them, 68 species are wild and eight species are cultivated plants. The most common families are Asteraceae (11.8%), Rosaceae (9.2%), Lamiaceae (7.9%), Apiaceae (3.9%) and Malvaceae (3.9%); the most common preparations were infusion (37%) and decoction (18.5%). A total of 177 medicinal uses (remedies) was recorded. Digestive system disorders have the highest FIC (0.73). According to use value (UV) the most important plants were Rosa canina (0.75), Ficus carica subsp. carica (0.74), Tilia platyphyllos (0.71) and Vitex agnus-castus (0.70). CONCLUSION In the research area the use of traditional folk medicine is still prevalent in the community especially in the villages.

Essential Oil Composition of Centaurea stenolepis Kerner. from Turkey

Abstract: Essential oil composition of Centaurea stenolepis Kerner flowers and stems were investigated with GC, GC-MS. Flowers and stems of C. stenolepis had very low essential oil yield <0.01 % (v/w). Twenty eight compounds were identified in the flower oil which represent 53.5 % of the oil. Main components of the flower oil include caryophyllene oxide 12.6 %, hexadecanoic acid 10.6 % and β-Eudesmol 7.2 %. Forty compounds were identified in the stem oils which represent 74.2 % of the oil. Main components of the stem oils include hexadecanoic acid 38.4 % and phytol 12.9 %. Both flower and stem oils were rich on oxygenated sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and fatty acids.

New insights into the in vitro biological effects, in silico docking and chemical profile of clary sage – Salvia sclarea L.

Salvia sclarea L. is traditionally used to manage common human ailments and is consumed as a food product. This study aimed to establish the phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of Salvia sclarea. The inhibitory action of the extracts against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase was also investigated. Methanol extract showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (81.78 mg GAE/g extract and 40.59 mg RE/g extract, respectively). Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector analysis revealed that S. sclarea was rich in rosmarinic acid. The water extract exhibited the lowest inhibitory activity against α-amylase but the upmost activity against α-glucosidase (0.19 and 18.24 mmol ACAE/g extract, respectively). Experimental data showed that only the water extract (8.86 mg KAE/g extract) significantly inhibited tyrosinase. Docking studies showed that quercetin binds to tyrosinase by two hydrogen and a pi-pi bonds. Salvia sclarea showed interesting biological activity against key enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of common ailments.

The preliminary ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Uşak (Turkey)

This study was made to reveal the plants used as traditional folk medicine in Uşak in 2013. The specimens of the plants used as folk remedies have been collected and the information about the local names, the part(s) used, the ailments treated, the therapeutic effect, the preparation, the methods of administration, and the duration of treatment were recorded. The plant specimens are kept in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University. As a result of identification of the plant specimens, 38 species, used as a traditional folk medicine in Uşak, have been determined. According to the majority of the plants which have similar usages, the plants were mostly used for gastrointestinal system diseases, respiratory system diseases and urinary system diseases.

Flavonoids and Biological Activities of Centaurea stenolepis

Centaurea stenolepis Kerner (Asteraceae) is one of the 205 taxa of the genus Centaurea growing wild in Turkey [1]. To the best our knowledge, there is only one previous report on the essential oil of C. stenolepis [2]. The aim of present study was to isolate and characterize the flavonoids in the bioactive extract of C. stenolepis. Plant sample was collected in the flowering period from Catalca, Istanbul in 2009 and identified by Dr. Gizem Bulut (No. 11651). The dried and powdered stems and leaves of C. stenolepis (1 kg) were extracted with petroleum ether and ethanol with a Soxhlet extractor, respectively. The concentrated ethanol extract was diluted with water and extracted with toluene, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, respectively, for fractionation. The extracts were filtered and concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator to obtain toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous ethanol extracts. From various fractions of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts of C. stenolepis, by silica gel column chromatography, polyamide column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, silica gel preparative circular chromatography (Chromatotron), silica gel preparative TLC, and paper chromatography (determination of sugars), we have isolated four flavonols, a flavonol aglycone in the petroleum ether extract, jaceidin (24 mg, 1), and three flavonol glucosides in the ethyl acetate extract, jacein (62 mg, 2), patuletin 3-O-glucoside (6.2 mg, 3), and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (9.4 mg, 4) 3, 4 . UV, NMR spectra (1H, 13C, HSQC, HMBC), and TLC-PC comparisons with authentic samples were used for the structure elucidation of the purified compounds. Jaceidin (1). C18H16O8 3, 5 . 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, , ppm, J/Hz): 3.88 (3H, s, 3-OCH3), 4.01 (3H, s, 6-OCH3), 4.07 (3H, s, 3 -OCH3), 7.70 (2H, H-2 , 6 ), 7.07 (1H, d, J = 8.2, H-5 ), 6.58 (1H, s, H-8). Jacein (2). C24H26O14 3, 6]. UV (MeOH, max, nm): 257, 272sh, 352; +NaOMe: 268, 408; +AlCl3: 270, 280sh, 295sh, 380; +AlCl3/HCl: 268, 280sh, 296sh, 369, 400sh; +NaOAc: 260, 359, 415; +NaOAc/H3BO3: 258, 270sh, 355. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6, , ppm, J/Hz): 3.88 (3H, s, 3 -OCH3), 3.84 (3H, s, 6-OCH3), 3.79 (3H, s, 3-OCH3), 7.67 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-2 ), 7.62 (1H, dd, J = 1.8; 8.5, H-6 ), 6.99 (1H, d, J = 8.5, H-5 ), 7.03 (1H, s, H-8), 5.13 (1H, d, J = 7.4, Glc H-1 ), 3.82–3.18 (sugar protons). Patuletin 3-O-Glucoside (3). C22H22O14. 3, 7 . 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6, , ppm): 177.4 (C-4), 155.87 (C-9), 153.5 (C-2), 152.15 (C-5), 151.71 (C-7), 148.51 (C-4 ), 144.84 (C-3 ), 132.89 (C-3), 131.60 (C-6), 121.50 (C-1 ), 121.20 (C-6 ), 116.12 (C-2 ), 115.23 (C-5 ), 104.33 (C-10), 101.01 (C-1 ), 94.01 (C-8), 77.49 (C-5 ), 76.51 (C-3 ), 74.09 (C-2 ), 69.91 (C-4 ), 60.95 (C-6 ), 59.77 (6-OCH3). The free radical scavenging capacity of various extracts of Centaurea stenolepis Kerner (toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, aqueous ethanol) and standard were evaluated according to the previously reported procedure using the stable DPPH [8]. Also, the total phenolic contents of these extracts were measured using Folin–Ciocalteau reagent [9]. The ethyl acetate extract was the most potent in antioxidant activity (IC50 value of the ethyl acetate extract 1.29 mg/mL) and total phenolic content (107.30 mg GAE/g dry material). Agar well diffusion and microdilution broth methods were used in the antimicrobial

Biologically-active compounds from two members of the Asteraceae family: Tragopogon dubius Scop. and Tussilago farfara L.

Abstract Tragopogon dubius and Tussilago farfara are consumed as vegetables and used in folk medicine to manage common diseases. Herein, the chemical compositions and biological activities of different leaf extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of T. dubius and T. farfara were evaluated. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant abilities of the extracts were tested using different assays including free radical scavenging, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating assays. Enzyme inhibitory potentials were evaluated against cholinesterases, tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Complexes of bioactive compounds (chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid) were docked into the enzymatic cavity of α-glucosidase and subjected to molecular dynamic calculation, enzyme conformational stability, and flexibility analysis. T. dubius and T. farfara extracts showed remarkable antioxidant potentials. Ethyl acetate extracts of T. dubius and T. farfara were the most potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. T. dubius ethyl acetate extract and T. farfara methanolic extract showed noteworthy activity against α-glucosidase. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the abundance of some phenolic compounds including chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids. Ethyl acetate extract of T. dubius showed notable antifungal activity against all strains. Docking studies showed best pose for chlorogenic acid was stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds with residues Asp1157, Asp1279, whereas rosmarinic acid showed several hydrogen bonds with Asp1157, Asp1420, Asp1526, Lys1460 and Trp1369. This study further validates the use of T. dubius and T. farfara in traditional medicine, as well as act as a stimulus for further studies for future biomedicine development. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma