Gopal K. Kadekodi

Participatory institutions: The context of common and private property resources

Participation is the initiation and continuance of an active process by which beneficiary groups influence the direction and execution of development activity. In the context of resource management participatory institutions often present an alternative when the market and/or the state fail to maintain resource stocks at desirable levels. This paper presents two case-studies of the emergence of participatory institutions and builds up analytical models that explain the process of their evolution in an inter-temporal framework.It is shown that the evolution, sustenance and replication of participation and its impact on levels of resource conservation depends on (a) the nature of the links between common and private property resources, (b) the possibility of taking advantage of scale economies, and finally (c) the distributional rules and arrangements.

Environmental economics in practice: case studies from India

TABLE OF CONTENTS, PREFACE, ABOUT THE AUTHORS, LIST OF TABLES, LIST OF BOXES, LIST OF FIGURES, 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS THROUGH CASE STUDIES 2.POLLUTION CONTROL IN TANNERIES 3.ECONOMIC VALUATION IN BIODIVERSITY: THE CASE OF KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK 4.THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF IMPROVING THE HOUSEHOLD ENVIRONMENT : A CASE STUDY OF ANDHRA PRADESH 5.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN INDIA AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT 6.SOCIAL FORESTRY: A CASE STUDY FROM KARNATAKA 7. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS IN JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF HARYANA SHIVALIKS 8.VALUING THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION 9.ECONOMIC BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF A PROPOSED SOLID WASTE RESOURCE RECOVERY PLANT 10.FISCAL AND INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF WATER POLLUTION 11.APPROACHES TO NATURAL RESOURCE ACCOUNTING IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT, REFERENCES

Trade related environmental regulations: some lessons from India

There is a commonly held view that countries heavily dependent on trade incur some welfare loss when environmental regulations, standards, and protocols are introduced. There is an alternative argument that environmental regulations act as incentives to innovate and improve trade efficiency and competitiveness.

The Scientific Work of Gerhard Tintner

Gerhard Tintner (1907–1983) published his first scientific studies in the late 1930s, after completing his doctorate in economics, statistics and law at the University of Vienna in 1929. As a distinguished scholar in three major branches: economics, mathematics and statistics, he spent over fifty years of his active life in founding, shaping and extending some of the basic contents of econometrics, its theory and empirical applications to planning, efficiency and economic development. Born in Nuremberg of Austrian parents on September 29, 1907 he became one of the most versatile econometricians of his time, making fundamental contributions in both economic theory and econometrics. His original contributions to economic theory comprise such topics as: general equilibrium models in a dynamic context, demand and production studies under dynamic conditions and a stochastic approach to economics, whereby the mathematical theory of stochastic processes could be integrated in a fundamental sense with the deterministic approach to economic modeling. On seeing the current progress of economic theory in the direction of dynamic and stochastic phenomena, one is struck with a sense of wonder at the vision of Tintner’s work.

Poverty and unemployment: some estimates for India of the employment implications of income redistribution

The sustained, even rising, levels of poverty and unemployment which have characterised much of the developing world over the past two decades have prompted studies in a variety of countries of the relationship between employment and the distribution of income. These studies have typically followed the pioneering work of the ILO missions led by Dudley Seers to Colombia and Sri Lanka in centring on the potential increases in aggregate employment which might accompany a redistribution of income in favour of the poor. Three separate influences are frequently distinguished. Because of the lower marginal propensity to import of the poor a redistribution of income in their favour brings a net switch of demand towards domestically produced output, with the familiar multiplier effects; in addition the reduced demand for imports for consumption may promote growth indirectly, by easing any balance of payments restriction on development programmes. Similarly, the lower marginal propensity to save of the poor raises income and employment through higher values of the multiplier, although in this case the dynamic effects may be adverse if growth is constrained by an inadequate volume of domestic saving. Thirdly, the dominance in the consumption patterns of the poor of food and ‘simple’ manufactured goods, produced by relatively labour-intensive techniques, results in the creation of more employment per marginal unit of expenditure. On this approach, therefore, the key elements linking employment to the distribution of income are the pattern of consumers’ demand at different income levels and the employment-intensity of the consumption baskets. The balance of evidence from such studies for a number of countries tends to confirm that a redistribution of income in favour of the poor will be associated with an increase in aggregate employment, although the estimated magnitude of the increase is typically small.1

Urban Poverty and Some Policy Options: an Analysis for India:

This paper analyses the problem of the urban poor in India from a primarily macro-economic perspective, tracing the origins of their economic status to their low share in the factor earnings generated in individual industries. A macro-economic model then simulates the implications for them of a range of alternative policies, including growth on the current pattern of development priorities, income transfers from rich to poor and growth-with-redistribution via the creation of new income sources specifically for the target groups. The major conclusions are that on current development strategies the outlook for the urban poor is bleak, but through growth-with-redistribution moderate sacrifices of income growth by the richer classes can secure very substantial improvements for the poor.