Guido Assunção Ribeiro

Diagnóstico do uso do fogo no entorno do Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB), MG

The use of fire slash and Burn is a common alternative practice in the rural area, seen by many farmers as an efficient technique for various purposes. However, this technique should be carefully employed so as not to cause environmental disasters, such as forest fires. The objective of this work is to make a diagnosis of the use of fire by farmers nearby the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB), in Minas Gerais and verify their perception of forest fire. The use of fire is still a common practice among farmers since it is economically viable and presents fast results. However, there is a consensus concerning its harmful effects on the soil, human life and the environment.

Applying GIS to develop a model for forest fire risk: A case study in Espírito Santo, Brazil

A forest fire risk map is a basic element for planning and protecting forested areas. The main goal of this study was to develop a statistical model for preparing a forest fire risk map using GIS. Such model is based on assigning weights to nine variables divided into two classes: physical factors of the site (terrain slope, land-use/occupation, proximity to roads, terrain orientation, and altitude) and climatic factors (precipitation, temperature, water deficit, and evapotranspiration). In regions where the climate is different from the conditions of this study, the model will require an adjustment of the variables weights according to the local climate. The study area, Espírito Santo State, exhibited approximately 3.81% low risk, 21.18% moderate risk, 30.10% high risk, 41.50% very high risk, and 3.40% extreme risk of forest fire. The areas classified as high risk, very high and extreme, contemplated a total of 78.92% of heat spots.

Avaliação de brigadas de incêndios florestais em unidades de conservação

The objective of this study was to determine the working conditions and training level of forest fire volunteers of the Jardim Botânico de Brasilia, IBGE Ecological Reserve and Agua Limpa Farm, Universidade de Brasilia. The study was carried out during the first semester of 2000 on the headquarters of the three brigades located in each Conservation Unit. The methodology consisted in applying questionnaires and interviews to the brigadiers and their coordinators. The data set was analyzed for the three brigades, with the best training level and brigadier satisfaction being found at the IBGE Ecological Reserve, and the worst at the UnB´s Agua Limpa Farm. No individual protection equipment was available to the forest fire fighters and the number of forest fire fighting equipments and tools was not sufficient. No road maintenance machines were at the disposal of the brigades. Only the IBGE Ecological Reserve Brigade was supplied with a pipe truck for forest fire fighting. Agua Limpa farm Brigade had the greatest participation in educational campaigns at the nearby communities. It was concluded that all the brigades have a good training and skill level and despite the limitation of tools and equipments, they are able to fight small forest fires. The worst problem found was the lack of individual protection during forest fire fighting, what may cause accidents.

Escolha de locais para instalação de torres de detecção de incêndio com auxílio do SIG

The objective of this paper was to apply a GIS test to evaluate the distribution and placement of fire detection towers. The study area comprised 441.81 ha of forest stands owned by the Celulose Nipo-Brasileira - CENIBRA. Vector data (land use, streams, roads and contours) digitized in IDRISI were imported into ArcView 3.1. A digital elevation model with a resolution of 30 m was interpolated from the contour data. A point theme indicating the potential locations of 8 fire towers was visually created based on the elevation and the proximity of existing roads. The height of each tower was set to 30 m. The Visibility function of ArcView allowed to determine area visibility from each point. Tower 1 presented the highest visibility (66.1%). Since the study area was small, it was recommended to install only this tower. The methodology showed to be an efficient and feasible way to determine the ideal number of towers and the best places to install them. This procedure reduces the costs and improves the overall performance of fire prevention systems.

Densidade e composição florística do banco de sementes de um trecho de floresta estacional semidecidual no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o banco de sementes de um trecho de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Secundaria, por meio da analise floristica e da densidade de sementes. Denominado Mata da Praca de Esportes, o fragmento esta situado no Campus da UFV, em Vicosa, MG, cuja area corresponde a 10,65 ha em regeneracao ha 75 anos. A area amostral foi subdividida em 40 parcelas de 3 x 5 m, distribuidas em quatro transectos paralelos. Amostras compostas foram feitas em 20 dessas parcelas e posteriormente distribuidas dentro de 40 caixas de madeira, em viveiro. O montante foi dividido, submetendo-se cada metade a sombreamentos de 11,5% e 60%. A germinacao total e das especies arbustivo-arboreas foi comparada nas duas condicoes de sombreamento, utilizando-se o teste t para amostras independentes. O banco de sementes foi constituido predominantemente por ervas invasoras, pertencentes, em sua maioria, as familias Asteraceae (15 especies), Solanaceae (4 especies) e Poaceae (3 especies). Foram quantificadas 5.194 plântulas, com predominio das pioneiras arbustivo-arboreas das familias Melastomataceae e Cecropiaceae. A germinacao das sementes conduzida sob sombra foi significativamente maior do que no ambiente de menor sombreamento (luz). Especies zoocoricas foram mais abundantes, indicando a importância dos fragmentos florestais como fonte de recurso e abrigo para a fauna local. A alta densidade de individuos de especies arboreas e arbustivas pioneiras, como Cecropia hololeuca, as especies de Melastomataceae, Asteraceae e Piperaceae, importantes para a regeneracao da floresta, reflete a capacidade de resiliencia da area estudada, na ocorrencia de disturbios.

GIS applied to location of fires detection towers in domain area of tropical forest

In most countries, the loss of biodiversity caused by the fires is worrying. In this sense, the fires detection towers are crucial for rapid identification of fire outbreaks and can also be used in environmental inspection, biodiversity monitoring, telecommunications mechanisms, telemetry and others. Currently the methodologies for allocating fire detection towers over large areas are numerous, complex and non-standardized by government supervisory agencies. Therefore, this study proposes and evaluates different methodologies to best location of points to install fire detection towers considering the topography, risk areas, conservation units and heat spots. Were used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and unaligned stratified systematic sampling for implementing and evaluating 9 methods for allocating fire detection towers. Among the methods evaluated, the C3 method was chosen, represented by 140 fire detection towers, with coverage of: a) 67% of the study area, b) 73.97% of the areas with high risk, c) 70.41% of the areas with very high risk, d) 70.42% of the conservation units and e) 84.95% of the heat spots in 2014. The proposed methodology can be adapted to areas of other countries.

Mapeamento da suscetibilidade a ocorrências de incêndios em vegetação na área urbana de Ubá-MG

3RESUMO – O fogo e problema crescente nos diferentes tipos de formacao vegetal em diversas partes do mundo. Apesar de anos de estudo cientifico e de toda atencao da midia em relacao aos incendios em vegetacao, os efeitos que tais fenomenos causam no ambiente nao sao completamente conhecidos, e as ferramentas de controle sao pouco acessiveis a grande parte dos usuarios. E fundamental saber o que condiciona as ocorrencias, o que favorece a dispersao do fogo e o padrao de tais ocorrencias, para possibilitar o mapeamento das areas de risco e permitir o desenvolvimento de programas especificos para as regioes criticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir um mapa de suscetibilidade a incendios em vegetacao, dentro do perimetro urbano do Municipio de Uba, MG, com a utilizacao de informacoes referentes ao relevo, ao uso e cobertura do solo e a proximidade de vias de acesso e areas urbanas, empregando tecnicas de Geoprocessamento. A partir da validacao do cartograma gerado, observou-se que 80% das ocorrencias tem-se localizado nas areas de alto e altissimo risco, 15% nas de medio risco e 5% nas areas de baixo e baixissimo risco. Esse mapeamento servira como ferramenta para o poder publico estabelecer politicas de prevencao, atuando na conscientizacao da populacao e na definicao de medidas de controle nas areas de maior risco. Palavras-chave: Incendios em vegetacao; Suscetibilidade; Mapa. SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING OF THE OCCURRENCE OF VEGETATION FIRE IN THE URBAN AREA OF UBA - MG

Determinação do período mais propício às ocorrências de incêndios em vegetação na área urbana de Juiz de Fora, MG

Resumo – Os incendios em vegetacao podem provocar severos danos ao ambiente, alem de consequencias economicas consideraveis, como a destruicao de habitats, a queima de madeira e os custos para o seu combate. Para estabelecer politicas de controle e prevencao, faz-se necessario conhecer o perfil dos incendios. As estatisticas de ocorrencia dos incendios em vegetacao sao as principais ferramentas para se tracar seu perfil. Com esses dados, pode-se planejar o controle de modo mais eficiente, diminuindo gastos, tempo e riscos em seu combate. O objetivo deste estudo visou a determinacao da epoca do ano e horario de maiores ocorrencias de incendios em vegetacao no Municipio de Juiz de Fora, MG. Para isso, foi utilizada uma serie temporal de 10 anos (1995 - 2004), com dados de ocorrencias de incendios e elementos climaticos na area urbana do municipio. De acordo com os resultados, foi caracterizado o periodo de junho a outubro como a estacao normal do fogo. Em relacao as horas do dia, o periodo das 10 as 20 h foi o que concentrou o maior numero de ocorrencias, tendo seu pico entre 15 e 16 h. Palavras-chave: Fogo, Horario e Epoca do ano.

Suscetibilidade do ambiente a ocorrências de queimadas sob condições climáticas atuais e de futuro aquecimento global

Vegetation burning is the second source of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. An important step to reduce the climate impact of these emissions is to investigate the atmospheric susceptibility of a region for fire development (fire risk). This study aims to investigate the environmental susceptibility to fire development, based on the burning risk index: the Haines Index (HI). The study is carried out with data from the ECHAM5/MPI-OM climate model and the NCEP reanalysis data, to calculate the HI during two periods: present day (1980-2000) and climate projections for the end of the 21st century (2080-2100). Based upon the results, we concluded that the Haines index could reproduce properly the areas with the highest fire incidence under present conditions. Moreover, it has been found an enlargement in the fire risk area under global warming conditions, in particular for the Amazon region.

Eficiência de um retardante de longa duração na redução da propagação do fogo

Non-natural firebreaks has been an alternative of wide use in forests, conservation units and at road borders to reduce fire propagation. The main objective of these firebreaks is to manage the fuel material, breaking the continuity of the fuel material. With the emergence of new products and equipment, the traditional firebreaks have being replaced by wet, green or chemical firebreaks. The objective of this work was to test the best dose of a fire retardant in a pasture area formed by Bracharia decumbens grass. Phos-chek retardant, a mixture of amonium phosphate and amonium sulphate, was used in the concentration of 0.134 kg/L. The doses were 300, 600, 900 and 1,200 ml/m2. The application was carried out with a backpack pump in plots of 2 x 5 m, with four repetitions, using the complete randomized blocks design. The time spent by the fire to burn the plot without the product, time spent by the fire to burn the plot with the product, distance advanced by the fire within the plot with the product, and the burning intensity were measured. Relative moisture and wind speed were measured at one-hour intervals. The fire line took 25 times more to burn the plot with the product, in the plot with 1,200 ml/m2, than the plot without the product. The fire burnt the entire plot with the 300 ml/m2 dose, but the burning time in the plot with the product was larger than that one on the plot without the product. Phos-chek changes the combustion reaction, retarding the burning process and the greater the dose the greater the reaction of inhibition. The best dose was that of 1,200 ml/m2, but further studies are necessary to final out the effects of doses from 900 to 1,200 ml/m2, to improve the cost/benefit rate of product use.