Guillermo Julián González Pérez

Home smoking bans and secondhand smoke exposure in Mexico and the US.

OBJECTIVE This study examines the association between home smoking ban status and home secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) among Mexican-descent adults and children in three cities representing different levels of exposure to the California Tobacco Control Program. METHOD From 2003-2004, a cross-sectional tobacco survey was conducted with a population-based sample of Mexican-descent adults in San Diego, California (N=1103) and Mexican adults in Tijuana (N=398) and Guadalajara (N=400), Mexico. RESULTS After adjustment for demographic, behavioral, cultural, and contextual covariates, a complete home smoking ban was associated with Mexican American and Mexican adults and children being less likely to experience SHSE in the home compared to their counterparts with partial or no smoking restrictions. The association was significant across the three survey sites, but stronger in San Diego than in any of the two Mexican cities. CONCLUSION Home smoking bans reduce the risk of home SHSE among Mexican Americans and Mexicans, regardless of the smoking status of the household residents and other individual and environmental variables. Even if household residents continue smoking and communitywide tobacco control efforts are suboptimal, the promotion of home smoking bans can protect adults and children from home SHSE.

Stress-associated factors in Mexican dentists

Dentistry is considered a stressful profession, since dentists are exposed to potential stressors during their practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify chronic stress levels and their association with different risk factors among dentists working at public health institutions in Guadalajara, Mexico. The study was observational, cross-sectional and one of association. The universe of this study was composed of 256 dentists that were obtained by means of a census technique. The instrument used for the analysis carried out in the year 2006 was the Stress Syndrome Inventory, performed with concurrent validation. Information was processed for the analysis, and chronic stress levels were identified with a bivariate analysis. Association strength was measured with OR, and confusion factors were controlled with a multivariate logistic analysis. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that female dentists have a greater risk of developing a high chronic stress level with an adjusted OR of 1.84, meaning that the risk for women is 1.84 times greater than that of men.

Evaluación de dos estrategias de educación nutricional vía radio en Guadalajara, México

Modifying knowledge and attitudes through persuasive communication in health via radio has produced encouraging results for public health planners. This studys objective was to measure the effect of an educational strategy on knowledge and attitudes towards nutrition in two marginalized communities in Guadalajara, Mexico. Two communities were randomly selected. In each community a group of individuals was invited to be exposed to radio broadcasts. Using a coded and structured instrument, knowledge and attitudes towards the contents of nutritional education for health were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. Group A (n = 37) was organized and exposed to the dynamics of the radio forum throughout the 4 months during which the project lasted. Group B (n = 33) was not organized, and listened to the radio program according to its own cultural dynamics. Median knowledge and attitudes (KA) for group A was 56.8 in the pre-test and 74.1 in the post-test (W: p = -0.05). In group B the KA results were 53.0 and 59.2, respectively (W: p = -0.05). The results emphasize the advantages of the radio forum as a health communications strategy for human nutrition.

Prácticas nutricias en pacientes diabéticos tipo II en el primer nivel de atención. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Jalisco, México

Nutritional practices of diabetics reflect both human behavior and the health culture of such patients. They also represent how the diabetic deals with the health/illness issue. The purpose of this survey was to identify and relate nutritional practices with metabolic control, age, sex, years of schooling, and time since diagnosis of illness. The sample was taken from 114 cases selected through systematic random sampling in five family practice units in Guadalajara. Using thirteen structured, coded, and quantified questions of the Likert type, the study evaluated nutritional practice with a range of 0-65. Results showed that 21% of the diabetics had appropriate nutritional practices (>31 points), and when related with years of schooling and time since diagnosis of illness, they showed statistically significant differences (p=0.05). Simple regression showed that 9% of metabolic control can be explained by nutritional practices.

Determinantes socioeconómicos de la atención odontológica durante la gestación en Cali, Colombia

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental care for pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, and to identify socioeconomic and health services factors associated with access to dental care during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 993 postpartum women who had given birth in public and private clinics in 2012. Multivariate analysis showed that dental care was associated with: economic resources (86.6% sufficient resources versus 72.5% insufficient resources; OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8), schooling (88% complete versus 74% incomplete secondary school, OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.7), and receiving information on oral health and dental care during prenatal care (86.4%: yes versus 42.9%: no, OR = 5.7; 95%CI: 3.1-10.0). Access to dental care was less frequent among pregnant women with low socioeconomic status as compared to those with better living conditions.Con el fin de conocer la prevalencia de la asistencia a la consulta dental de las gestantes atendidas en Cali-Colombia, e identificar factores socioeconomicos y de los servicios de salud asociados con la accesibilidad a la atencion odontologica durante el embarazo, se realizo un estudio transversal analitico, en el que se entrevistaron 993 madres en puerperio inmediato que habian sido atendidas en clinicas publica y privadas durante el ano 2012. El analisis multivariado de las variables relacionadas con las asistencia a odontologia encontro asociacion con los recursos economicos (86,6% suficiencia versus 72,5% insuficiencia, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), nivel de instruccion (88% secundaria completa versus 74% incompleta, OR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,7), informacion dada en el control prenatal sobre salud oral y la visita dental (86,4% si versus 42,9% no, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,0). Se evidencia un acceso diferencial entre las gestantes con bajo nivel socioeconomico, quienes asistieron en menor proporcion que las gestantes con mejores condiciones de vida.

Acoso escolar en la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, México: prevalencia y factores asociados

this paper seeks to determine the prevalence of victims of school bullying among youth enrolled in public secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico and to identify the factors associated with being a victim of bullying in the period 2009-2011. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out. A multistage probability sampling was designed for the public secondary schools, in which 1,706 students between 11 and 16 years old were studied. A questionnare with four sections was applied in order to identify victims of bullying. A logistic regression model was then used to measure the association between the factors analyzed and being a victim of bullying. the prevalence of school bullying was 17.6% (95% ci 15.8; 19.5). Personal factors, such as the feeling of not being accepted by peers or not spending much time with friends, were the factors with the strongest statistically significant association with being a victim of bullying. KEY WorDS Violence; Bullying; Adolescent; Mental Health; Mexico. 184 VeGA lóPez MG, GOnzález Pérez GJ, VAlle BArBOSA MA, FlOreS VillAVicenciO Me, VeGA lóPez A. SA lU D c O le c ti V A , B ue no s A ire s, 9 (2 ):1 83 -1 94 , M ay o A go st o, 2 01 3This paper seeks to determine the prevalence of victims of school bullying among youth enrolled in public secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico and to identify the factors associated with being a victim of bullying in the period 2009-2011. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out. A multistage probability sampling was designed for the public secondary schools, in which 1,706 students between 11 and 16 years old were studied. A questionnare with four sections was applied in order to identify victims of bullying. A logistic regression model was then used to measure the association between the factors analyzed and being a victim of bullying. The prevalence of school bullying was 17.6% (95% CI 15.8; 19.5). Personal factors, such as the feeling of not being accepted by peers or not spending much time with friends, were the factors with the strongest statistically significant association with being a victim of bullying.This paper seeks to determine the prevalence of victims of school bullying among youth enrolled in public secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico and to identify the factors associated with being a victim of bullying in the period 2009-2011. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out. A multistage probability sampling was designed for the public secondary schools, in which 1,706 students between 11 and 16 years old were studied. A questionnare with four sections was applied in order to identify victims of bullying. A logistic regression model was then used to measure the association between the factors analyzed and being a victim of bullying. The prevalence of school bullying was 17.6% (95% CI 15.8; 19.5). Personal factors, such as the feeling of not being accepted by peers or not spending much time with friends, were the factors with the strongest statistically significant association with being a victim of bullying. Language: es

Competencia clínica de médicos de seguridad social guatemaltecos para manejar hepatitis virales en atención primaria

OBJECTIVE To measure the clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in primary health care physicians. METHODOLOGY Cross-sectional study in which a previously validated instrument to measure competences was used, and subsequent comparison between physicians at various primary health care units (PHCT) from the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (GISS). This information was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametrical statistics. 104 physicians, from 5 PHCT ascribed to GISS were analyzed. RESULTS A low level of clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in this physicians group was found, within a range of 9 to 62 points obtained through an instrument with a maximum theoretical value of 88; no significant statistical difference between PHCT was found. CONCLUSIONS PHCT physicians from require continuing education to improve their clinical competence on human viral hepatitis.

Socioeconomic determinants of dental care during pregnancy in Cali, Colombia

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental care for pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, and to identify socioeconomic and health services factors associated with access to dental care during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 993 postpartum women who had given birth in public and private clinics in 2012. Multivariate analysis showed that dental care was associated with: economic resources (86.6% sufficient resources versus 72.5% insufficient resources; OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8), schooling (88% complete versus 74% incomplete secondary school, OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.7), and receiving information on oral health and dental care during prenatal care (86.4%: yes versus 42.9%: no, OR = 5.7; 95%CI: 3.1-10.0). Access to dental care was less frequent among pregnant women with low socioeconomic status as compared to those with better living conditions.Con el fin de conocer la prevalencia de la asistencia a la consulta dental de las gestantes atendidas en Cali-Colombia, e identificar factores socioeconomicos y de los servicios de salud asociados con la accesibilidad a la atencion odontologica durante el embarazo, se realizo un estudio transversal analitico, en el que se entrevistaron 993 madres en puerperio inmediato que habian sido atendidas en clinicas publica y privadas durante el ano 2012. El analisis multivariado de las variables relacionadas con las asistencia a odontologia encontro asociacion con los recursos economicos (86,6% suficiencia versus 72,5% insuficiencia, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), nivel de instruccion (88% secundaria completa versus 74% incompleta, OR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,7), informacion dada en el control prenatal sobre salud oral y la visita dental (86,4% si versus 42,9% no, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,0). Se evidencia un acceso diferencial entre las gestantes con bajo nivel socioeconomico, quienes asistieron en menor proporcion que las gestantes con mejores condiciones de vida.

Determinantes socioeconômicos do atendimento odontológico durante a gravidez em Cali, Colômbia

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental care for pregnant women in Cali, Colombia, and to identify socioeconomic and health services factors associated with access to dental care during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 993 postpartum women who had given birth in public and private clinics in 2012. Multivariate analysis showed that dental care was associated with: economic resources (86.6% sufficient resources versus 72.5% insufficient resources; OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-2.8), schooling (88% complete versus 74% incomplete secondary school, OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.7), and receiving information on oral health and dental care during prenatal care (86.4%: yes versus 42.9%: no, OR = 5.7; 95%CI: 3.1-10.0). Access to dental care was less frequent among pregnant women with low socioeconomic status as compared to those with better living conditions.Con el fin de conocer la prevalencia de la asistencia a la consulta dental de las gestantes atendidas en Cali-Colombia, e identificar factores socioeconomicos y de los servicios de salud asociados con la accesibilidad a la atencion odontologica durante el embarazo, se realizo un estudio transversal analitico, en el que se entrevistaron 993 madres en puerperio inmediato que habian sido atendidas en clinicas publica y privadas durante el ano 2012. El analisis multivariado de las variables relacionadas con las asistencia a odontologia encontro asociacion con los recursos economicos (86,6% suficiencia versus 72,5% insuficiencia, OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,1-2,8), nivel de instruccion (88% secundaria completa versus 74% incompleta, OR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,1-2,7), informacion dada en el control prenatal sobre salud oral y la visita dental (86,4% si versus 42,9% no, OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,1-10,0). Se evidencia un acceso diferencial entre las gestantes con bajo nivel socioeconomico, quienes asistieron en menor proporcion que las gestantes con mejores condiciones de vida.