Gülmira Özek

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles obtained by four different techniques from Salvia rosifolia Sm., and evaluation for biological activity

Four different isolation techniques, conventional hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD), microdistillation (MD) and micro-steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME), have been used to analyze the volatile constituents from the aerial parts of Salvia rosifolia Sm. by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. HD and MWHD techniques produced quantitatively (yield, 0.39% and 0.40%) and qualitatively (aromatic profile) similar essential oils. alpha-Pinene (15.7-34.8%), 1,8-cineole (16.6-25.1%), beta-pinene (6.7-13.5%), beta-caryophyllene (1.4-5.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.4-4.4%) were identified as major constituents of this Turkish endemic species. Besides, the hydrodistilled oil of S. rosifolia was evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The hydrodistilled oil of S. rosifolia showed antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a MIC value of 125microg/mL. Other human pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans) were also inhibited within a moderate range (MIC=125-1000microg/mL). Antifungal activity of the oil was also observed against the strawberry anthracnose-causing fungal plant pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides. No cytotoxicity was observed for S. rosifolia oil up to 25mg/mL against malignant melanoma, epidermal, ductal and ovary carcinoma.

Essential oils of three species of Heracleum. Anticandidal activity

Fruits of Heracleum crenatifolium Boiss., Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt, and Heracleum platytaenium Boiss. (Umbelliferae) were hydrodistilled to obtain essential oils that were then analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major component was identified as octyl acetate (93.7, 87.6 and 31.6% respectively). Octyl butyrate was also characterized as the main component in H. platytaenium oil. Furthermore, anticandidal activity of the oils was evaluated using the microdilution broth method. All the oils showed good inhibitory effects against C. glabrata.

Comparison of the Essential Oils of Three Endemic Turkish Heracleum Species Obtained by Different Isolation Techniques

Abstract The essential oils of three Turkish endemic Heracleum species, H. crenatifolium Boiss., H. platytaenium Boiss. and H. sphondylium L. subsp. ternatum (Velen.) Brummitt were obtained using hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MWHD), microdistillation (MD), micro steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME) techniques and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Compositions of the oils isolated by different methods showed some differences. The main components in all the oils were found to be octyl acetate (19–95%) and octanol (0.6–5.0%). Octyl isovalerate (0.8–6.4%) and decyl acetate (0.5–4.3%) were the next most abundant constituents in the oil of H. crenatifolium. Octyl hexanoate (3.0–4.7%), (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (1.6–2.1%), octanol (0.7–1.0%) and decanal (0.7–1.2%) were the next major constituents in the oil of H. platytaenium. Octyl butyrate (34.6–41.0%), apiole (4.7–20.4%), (Z)-4-octenyl acetate (2.2–4.4%) and (Z)-4-octenyl butyrate (2.6–3.0%) were found as other main constituents in the oil of H. sphondylium subsp. ternatum.

Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Oils of Ferula szowitsiana DC. from Turkey

Abstract The essential oils from the leaves and stems of Ferula szowitsiana DC. (Umbelliferae) were separately obtained by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. The oil yields were 0.4% and 0.05%, respectively. One-hundred and sixty-two compounds representing 99.5% and 99 compounds representing 94.4% were identified in the leaf oil and stem oil, respectively, with β-eudesmol (32.0% and 29.5%, resp.), α-eudesmol (18.2% and 16.6%, resp.) and α-pinene (8.6% and 6.4%, resp.) as the major constituents. Antimicrobial activity of the leaf oil was tested via in-vitro microdilution broth technique. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were used as the test microorganisms.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. Fruits Obtained by Microdistillation

Abstract The microdistilled oil of the fruits of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-one constituents were characterized. The main components were found to be p-cymene (39.3%), spathulenol (7.3%), p-cymen-8-ol (5.9%), octanal (5.2%), (E)-β-ocimene (4.5%), (E)-2-decenal (3.2%) and (Z)-β-farnesene (3.1%).

Studies on the Volatile Oils of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) and Phyllanthus amarus Sch. et Thonn (Euphorbiaceae)

Abstract The oils obtained from the aerial shrubs of Momordica charantia L. and Phyllanthus amarus Sch. et Thonn from Nigeria, were analyzed for their constituents by means of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sixty-three different compounds, amounting to 88.8% of the total oil contents, were identified in the oil of M. charantia. It comprised of (Z)-3-hexenol (34.7%), (E)-2-hexenol (10.1%), and phytol (8.3%) as the major compounds. Linalool (5.8%) was the only monoterpenoid identified in a significant amount. Results from analysis of the oil of P. amarus revealed that eighty-two identified compounds were responsible for 87.6% of the oil content. The “stone-breaker” shrub oil was characterized by the dominance of linalool (36.4%) and phytol (13.0%). Moreover, compounds such as hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (3.4%), pentacosane (2.5%), and naphthalene (2.4%) occurred above 1%.

Essential Oils of Echinophora lamondiana (Apiales: Umbelliferae): A Relationship Between Chemical Profile and Biting Deterrence and Larvicidal Activity Against Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

ABSTRACT The essential oils from the flower, leaf, and stem of Echinophora lamondiana B.Yildiz et Z.Bahcecioglu were analyzed by gas chromatography—flame ionization detection and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. In total, 41, 37, and 44 compounds were identified, which accounted for 98.0, 99.1, and 97.0% of flower, leaf, and stem essential oils, respectively. The monoterpenic hydrocarbons were found to be high in all samples of the essential oils. The major components of essential oils from flower, leaf, and stem of E. lamondiana were &dgr;-3-carene (61.9, 75.0, and 65.9%, respectively), &agr;-phellandrene (20.3, 14.1, and 12.8%, respectively), and terpinolene (2.7, 3.3, and 2.9%, respectively). Flower and leaf essential oils and terpinolene produced biting deterrence similar to 25 nmol/cm2 N, Ndiethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET; 97%) against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. Compounds (+)-&dgr;-3-carene, (R)-(-)-&agr;-phellandrene, and water-distilled essential oils were significantly less repellent than DEET. Among essential oils, leaf oil was the least toxic of the oils, with an LC50 value of 138.3 ppm, whereas flower essential oil killed only 32% larvae, and no mortality of stem oil at highest tested dosages against Ae aegypti was observed. Terpinolene and &agr;-phellandrene showed higher toxicity than &dgr;-3-carene in both the species. In contrast to Ae. aegypti, all the essential oils showed toxicity in An. quadrimaculatus, and toxicity was higher in leaf oil than the other two oils. These results could be useful in finding new, safe, and more effective natural biopesticides and biting deterrent or repellents against Ae. aegypti.

Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Tanacetum cadmeum (Boiss.) Heywood subsp. orientale Grierson

Abstract Water distilled essential oil of aerial parts of Tanacetum cadmeum (Boiss.) Heywood subsp. orientale Grierson (Asteraceae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. Ninety three compounds have been characterized representing 97.8% of the oil. 1,8-Cineole (18.9%), p-cymene (15.7%), terpinen-4-ol (14.8%), borneol (9.8%) and γ-terpinene (3.5%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. Antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested via micro-dilution broth method. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans were used as the test microorganisms.

Comparison of the Essential Oils of Prangos turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman Fruits Obtained by Different Isolation Techniques

Abstract The essential oils from fruits of Prangos turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), microdistillation (MD), micro-steam distilled solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME) techniques and then analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. The oils showed similar composition with some quantitative differences. The main components of the oils were found to be α-humulene, germacrene D, naphthalene, terpinolene, p-cymene, γ-elemene and bornyl acetate.

Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Responses by the Essential Oil of Artemisia kotuchovii and Its Constituents

Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of the flowers+leaves and stems of Artemisia kotuchovii Kupr. (AKEO(f+l) and AKEO(stm), respectively) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The primary components of the oils were estragole, (E)- and (Z)-β-ocimenes, methyleugenol, limonene, spathulenol, β-pinene, myrcene, and (E)-methyl cinnamate. Seventy-four constituents were present at concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0%, and 34 compounds were identified in trace (<0.1%) amounts in one or both plant components. Screening of the essential oils for biological activity showed that AKEO(stm), but not AKEOf+l, inhibited N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF)-stimulated Ca(2+) flux and chemotaxis and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human neutrophils. Selected pure constituents, representing >96% of the AKEO(stm) composition, were also tested in human neutrophils and HL-60 cells transfected with N-formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1). One component, 6-methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one (MHDO), inhibited fMLF- and interleukin 8 (IL-8)-stimulated Ca(2+) flux, fMLF-induced chemotaxis, and PMA-induced ROS production in human neutrophils. MHDO also inhibited fMLF-induced Ca(2+) flux in FPR1-HL60 cells. These results suggest that MHDO may be effective in modulating some innate immune responses, possibly by inhibition of neutrophil migration and ROS production.