T. Özek

Composition of the essential oils of Turkish Origanum species with commercial importance

ABSTRACT In Turkey Origanum is represented by 23 species comprising 31 taxa. Commercially important Origanum species include O. onites, O. majorana, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare and O. syriacum. These species are annually exported in quantities exceeding 4,000 tons. GC and GC/MS profiles of the essential oils of the above mentioned Origanum species are presented in a comparative manner. Oils from O. vulgare subsp. hirtum were found to contain carvacrol (23.4–78.7%) and thymol (0.01–39.8%), while O. syriacum var. bevanii contained carvacrol (42.5%) and thymol (24.8%). Oils from O. majorana and O. minutiflorum appeared to be more stable in carvacrol, containing 78.3–79.5% and 75.1–83.6% respectively. Two chemotypes of O. onites were found: a carvacrol-type (carvacrol (66.5–80.4%)) and a linalool-type (linalool (90.0–91.9%)).

Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation and GC/MS Fingerprinting of Angelica sinensis and Angelica archangelica Root Components for Antifungal and Mosquito Deterrent Activity

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the chloroform extract from the roots of Angelica sinensis led to isolation and characterization of (Z)-ligustilide using direct-bioautography with Colletotrichum species. The structure of (Z)-ligustilide was confirmed by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and GC/MS. (Z)-Ligustilide deterred the biting of two mosquito species more effectively than DEET. Three different A. sinensis accessions and one Angelica archangelica root oil were evauated by GC and GC/MS, and the dominant component in A. sinensis was 61-69% (Z)-ligustilide. Two other prominent compounds in A. sinensis oils were 5.7-9.8% (E)-3-butylidene phthalide and 1.5-2.3% (Z)-3-butylidene phthalide. The main constituents that comprised A. archangelica oil were monoterpene hydrocarbons such as 24.5% alpha-pinene, 13.8% delta-3-carene, 10.1% beta-phellandrene, 8.8% p-cymene, 8.4% limonene, and 6.3% sabinene. Phthalides and monoterpene hydrocarbons were determined to be good systematic markers or chemical fingerprints for A. sinensis and A. archangelica root oils. Chemical fingerprinting by GC/MS of A. sinensis also confirmed the misidentification of one A. archangelica sample sold in the Chinese market.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TURKISH MYRTLE OIL

Abstract The chemical composition of essential oils from leaves and branches + leaves of Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae) was examined by GC/MS technique. The main components were found to be 1,8-cineole (18.3% and 10.5%), linalool (16.3% and 18.6%) and myrtenyl acetate (14.5% and 10.8%).

The Essential Oil of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum of Turkish Origin

ABSTRACT Water distilled essential oils of 23 collections of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum from the Aegean region of Turkey were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-eight compounds which amounted to 95.09–99.49% of the total components detected were identified. Carvacrol content in the oils varied between 23.43–78.73%.

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles obtained by four different techniques from Salvia rosifolia Sm., and evaluation for biological activity

Four different isolation techniques, conventional hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD), microdistillation (MD) and micro-steam distillation-solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME), have been used to analyze the volatile constituents from the aerial parts of Salvia rosifolia Sm. by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. HD and MWHD techniques produced quantitatively (yield, 0.39% and 0.40%) and qualitatively (aromatic profile) similar essential oils. alpha-Pinene (15.7-34.8%), 1,8-cineole (16.6-25.1%), beta-pinene (6.7-13.5%), beta-caryophyllene (1.4-5.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.4-4.4%) were identified as major constituents of this Turkish endemic species. Besides, the hydrodistilled oil of S. rosifolia was evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The hydrodistilled oil of S. rosifolia showed antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a MIC value of 125microg/mL. Other human pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans) were also inhibited within a moderate range (MIC=125-1000microg/mL). Antifungal activity of the oil was also observed against the strawberry anthracnose-causing fungal plant pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides. No cytotoxicity was observed for S. rosifolia oil up to 25mg/mL against malignant melanoma, epidermal, ductal and ovary carcinoma.

Essential Oil Composition of Four Origanum vulgare Subspecies of Anatolian Origin

ABSTRACT Essential oil composition of four subspecies of Origanum vulgare L. (Labiatae, Sect. Majorana); subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart, subsp. gracile (C. Koch) Ietswaart, subsp. vulgare and subsp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek growing wild in Turkey have been examined by GC and GC/MS analysis. More than 80 constituents were identified in the oil samples of the four subspecies. O. vulgare subsp. hirtum was rich in carvacrol (70.47%), while subsp. gracile contained β-caryophyllene (17.54%) and germacrene D (12.75%) as the dominant constituents. The major components of subsp. viride were terpinen-4-ol (16.82%) and germacrene D (15.87%), while subsp. vulgare was rich in terpinen-4-ol + β-caryophyllene (20.94%) and germacrene D (17.80%).

ESSENTIAL OILS OF TWO Hypericum SPECIES FROM UZBEKISTAN

The water-distilled essential oils from aerial parts of two Hypericum species (Hypericaceae) have been analyzed by GC/MS. The main components of the essential oils of Hypericum scabrum L. were α-pinene -11. 2%; spathulenol - 7.2%; p-cymene - 6.1%; acetophenone - 4.8%; carvacrol - 4.7%. The essential oil of Hypericum perforatum L. contains as the main components β-caryophyllene - 11.7%; caryophellene oxide -6.3%; spathulenol - 6.0%; α-pinene - 5.0%.

Composition of the essential oil of Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. from Tajikistan

Abstract Water-distilled essential oil of Bunium persicum fruits was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds were characterized representing 98.09% of the total components detected. p-Mentha-1,4-dien-7-al (28.98%), γ-terpinene (25.72%), β-pinene (15.62%) and cuminaldehyde (11.71%) were identified as major constituents.

Composition of essential oils from two varieties of Thymbra spicata L

ABSTRACT The essential oils from two varieties of Thymbra spicata var. spicata and var. intricata (endemic in Turkey) obtained by hydrodistillation were studied by GC and GC/MS. Forty-one compounds which made up 95.66–99.99% of the oil were identified. The major component in all the oils but one was carvacrol (49.19–76.86%). Thymol (50.71%) was the main component in the oil of one strain of T. spicata var. intricata.

Constituents of the essential oil from the hulls of Pistaciavera L

ABSTRACT The essential oil obtained from the hulls of Pistacia vera fruits by water distillation was examined by GC and GC/MS. Fifty-four compounds were identified, with α-pinene (54.40%) being the major constituent.