Gyan Prakash Dubey

Ultrasonic velocities, isentropic compressibilities and excess molar volumes of octan-1-ol with chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane at 298.15 and 308.15 K

Densities (ρ), and ultrasonic velocities (u) of binary mixtures of octan-1-ol with chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) have been measured over the entire range of composition at 298.15 and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental values of density and ultrasonic velocity, the excess molar volumes (V E), deviations in ultrasonic velocity (Δu), intermolecular free lengths (L f), mean molecular radii (r), molar sound velocities (Rm ), acoustic impedances (Z), excess isentropic compressibilities ( ), excess intermolecular free lengths ( ) and excess acoustic impedances (Z E) have been calculated. These excess functions have been fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation to derive the binary coefficients and the standard errors between the experimental and the calculated quantities. The experimental ultrasonic velocities have been analysed in terms of Nomoto (N), Van Dael (VD), Jacobsons free length theory, Schaaffs collision factor theory and thermoacoustical parameters.

Thermodynamic and Transport Behavior of Binary Liquid Mixtures of 1-Decanol with Hexadecane and Squalane at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K

Abstract This paper presents densities, ρ, speeds of sound, u and viscosities, η of pure 1decanol, C10H21OH, hexadecane, C16H34, squalane (2,4,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetraco- sane), C30H62 and their binary liquid mixtures, with 1-decanol, C10H21OH as a common component, over the whole composition range at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K. The excess molar volume, VmE, excess molar isentropic compressibility, KES,m, deviation of the speed of sound, uD, from their ideal values uid in an ideal mixture, and viscosity deviation, Δη were calculated from experimental data. The apparent molar volumes, Φv,i and apparent molar isentropic compressibilities, Φk,i were also calculated. The values of Φv,i and Φk,i were used to estimate the partial molar volumes and partial molar isentropic compressibilities at infinite dilution, ߙV¯ Φ,i0 and ߙK¯ Φ,i0, respectively. Apart from using density data for calculating VmE, excess molar volumes have also been estimated by using Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory.

Volumetric, viscometric and acoustic properties of binary mixtures of 2-propanol with n -alkanes (C6, C8, C10) at 298.15 and 308.15 K

Densities (ρ), viscosities (η), and speeds of sound, (u) of the binary mixtures of 2-propanol with n-alkanes (n-hexane, n-octane, and n-decane) were measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Using the experimental values of density, viscosity and speed of sound, the excess molar volumes (V E), viscosity deviations (Δη), deviations in speed of sound (Δu), isentropic compressibility (κ s), deviations in isentropic compressibility (Δκ s), and excess Gibbs energies of activation of viscous flow (ΔG* E) were calculated. These results were fitted to the Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation. The variations of these excess parameters with composition were discussed from the viewpoint of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The excess properties are found to be either positive or negative depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures.

Volumetric and transport behaviour of 2-butoxy ethanol with 1-alcohols: application of Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory

Non-ideal behaviours of binary mixtures of 2-butoxy ethanol with 1-hexanol, 1-octanol and 1-decanol have been analysed at different temperatures and over the whole composition range. For this purpose, experimental densities were used to estimate apparent molar volumes , partial molar volumes , excess partial molar volumes . and their limiting values at infinite dilution , and respectively. Experimental viscosities were used to calculate the deviations in viscosity, ∆η. The calculated properties were interpreted in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects. A volumetric result has been analysed in the light of Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) statistical mechanical theory. Interaction parameters have been calculated from values for all the studied systems. The solute–solvent interactions have been investigated in terms of each of the three contributions, viz. interactional, free volume and P* obtained from PFP theory at equimolar concentration. The results of calculated from PFP theory are compared with the reported in our earlier communication.

Safety evaluation of a polyherbal formulation containing hydroalcoholic extracts of Hippophae salicifolia, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Reinwardtia indica in rodents.

Dear Editor, Herbal medicines have been used for prevention and treatment of human diseases and promotion of healthy living. These medicines, often self medicated and consumed as concentrated extracts, are not strictly regulated. Considering their popular use and increasing safety concerns, thorough evaluations of their efficacy and safety are warranted to protect consumers from potential adverse effects. Toxicity tests (acute, sub-acute and chronic) using animals are widely applied to evaulate adverse effects of a drug and thereby determine its “No Observed Adverse Effect Level” (NOAEL). Conducting such studies for herbal medicines will be valuable to determine potential toxic effects as well as safe dose ranges of herbal medicines just as pre-clinical and non-clinical toxicological studies are important for determining the therapeutic index of drugs. We evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of a polyherbal formulation containing hydro-alcoholic (70% ethanol) extracts of four medicinal plants, namely Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (75 mg from leaves), Ocimum tenuiflorum (50 mg from whole plant), Hippophae salicifolia (40 mg from seeds, fruits and leaves) and Reinwardtia indica (35 mg from roots) in rodents. The notable medicinal properties of these plants include the serotonergic properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, whose leaves contain bioactive molecules including mannitol, glucose, essential oil, carotene, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, hentriacontane, benzoic acid, triterpenoid (oleanolic acid, nyctanthic acid, friedeline, lupeol tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate) and iridoid glycosides (arborsides A, B, C)[1–2]. Ocimum tenuiflorum (family Lamiaceae) notably possesses cholinergic properties and contains eugenol, which has been reported to have acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity[3–4]. Hippophae salicifolia (family Elaeagnaceae) is nutrient rich and possesses potent anti-oxidant properties[5]. Reinwardtia indica (family Linaceae) contains saponins, which could potentially help in the management of hyperglycemia[6–7]. We conducted acute and sub-acute oral dose toxicity studies of the test formulation in Swiss albino mice and albino Wistar rats, respectively. Single doses (10 to 5,000 mg/kg) were administered orally to mice. No treatment related deaths or clinical signs of toxicity were recorded at any of the doses at two weeks after drug administration and the lethal dose 50% of the test drug was greater than 5,000 mg/kg. For the sub-acute toxicity assessment, the doses employed ranged from 100 to 800 mg/kg·day (and vehicle as the control), which, in most cases, is acceptable as the limit dose for toxicity studies[8]. The formulation was administered orally to rats for either 14 or 28 days during which food intake and body weight were monitored. At the end of the treatment period, organ weights and haematological and biochemical parameters were measured along with a histopathologic examination. No treatment-emergent toxicities or mortality was observed. Additionally, no treatment related changes in the behaviour of the rats were observed. There was a small and insignificant reduction in body weight and food consumption of the rats in the treatment groups compared with the control group (Table 1), suggesting that sub chronic administration of the test formulation did not affect the normal growth of rats. Similarly, there were no significant changes in the weight of the organs (brain, liver, kidney, heart) following either 14 or 28 days of treatment at any of the doses compared to the controls. Table 1 Effect of the test formulation on the body weight and food intake of rats in the sub-acute toxicity study Haematological parameters including haemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were found to be all within the normal range in both the control and treatment groups (Table 2), with no significant differences between the treatment and control groups. There were also no significant treatment related effects on liver and kidney functions as determined by serum levels of cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, urea, protein, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (Table 2). This was further confirmed by histological assessment of these organs. Additionally, there was no damage or defect in the architecture of the brain and heart in the treated or control rats. Further findings from the histological analyses of the treated rats are consistent with normal background lesions observed in clinically normal control rats. Based on these results, the NOAEL for the test formulation was established as 800 mg/kg for 28 days. Table 2 Effect of the test formulation on haematological and biochemical parameters of rats in the sub-acute toxicity study In conclusion, no adverse effects of the polyherbal formulation following acute (up to 5,000 mg/kg) and sub acute (up to the maximum tested dose of 800 mg/kg/day for 28 days) oral administration in rodents were observed, which thereby demonstrates a favourable safety profile of the test formulation. This study provides valuable data on the toxicity profile of hydro alcoholic extracts of the medicinal plants Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Hippophae salicifolia and Reinwardtia indica, with results supporting their safe longer term use in combination. Yours Sincerely,

AGE- RELATED DIFFERENCES IN REACTION TIME TASK PERFORMANCE IN SCHEDULED CASTE AND SCHEDULED TRIBES CHILDREN OF SONBHADRA DISTRICT.

* Tanvi Twara, Sanskriti Upasna, Priyadarshni Tewari, Aruna Agrawal and G.P Dubey. 1. Junior Research Fellow, PhD Scholar, Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India. 2. Junior Research Fellow, PhD Scholar, Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India. 3. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Vikriti Vigyan, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India. 4. Professors, Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India. 5. Distinguished Professor, Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, India. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

In Vivo Evaluation of the Antidepressant Activity of a Novel PolyherbalFormulation

Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-depressive activity of a polyherbal formulation (PF) after 28 days administration by using a rat forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Methods: Animals were divided into six groups (n=6/group): Group 1: The control rats received injections of 0.5% CMC solution only; Group 2: FST+vehicle; Groups 3: FST+SER (10 mg/kg, i.p.); Group 4: FST+200 mg/kg; Group 5: FST+400 mg/kg; Group 6: FST+800 mg/kg and drugs were administrated once daily for 28 days treatment. To assess the effect of PF on immobility activity through FST and TST were used to take as a measure of antidepressant activity. The probable mechanism of action of the anti-depressive effect of PF was also investigated by measuring the level of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, homocysteine, IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels in the blood of the stress rats. Results: PF significantly reduced the immobility time of rat in both the FST and TST. However, might explain the results. In addition, PF decreased the homocysteine, IL-2 and IFN-gamma level while it increased the levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the blood. PF with 200 mg/kg treatment have shown the more significant improvement in stress rats. Conclusion: After 28 days administration, PF produced antidepressant-like effects. The mechanisms of action of anti-depressive effect of PF seemed to involve an increase of the monoamines level while decreasing the inflammatory marker and homocysteine in the stress of rats.

Combination Treatment with a Novel Polyherbal Formulation and Metformin: A Single Blind Placebo-Controlled Study in Patients with T2DM and Cognitive Impairments

th , 2015 Published: August 27 th , 2015 ABSTRACT Background: Older people suffering from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are at major risk for age related cognitive dysfunction and dementia, mainly due to vascular complications. Stud- ies have shown that T2DM is also associated with Alzheimers Disease (AD) and is responsible for accelerating the pathology through insulin resistance. A polyherbal drug containing Bacopa Monnieri, Hippophae rhamnoides and Dioscorea bulbifera has shown a potent neuroprotective effect in management of cognitive deficits in elderly; and metformin a well-accepted antidia - betic agent responsible for lowering blood glucose in T2DM, can together provide an intrigu- ing potential combination therapy for prevention and amelioration of cognitive impairments in T2DM patients. Objective: The present study is aimed to evaluate the combined effect of a polyherbal drug and metformin on improving cognitive functions in patients suffering from T2DM. Method: Elderly patients with an age range of 60-75 years diagnosed for T2DM were enrolled in the study and randomized into two groups; Group I=T2DM patients given metformin and placebo, Group II=T2DM patients given metformin and polyherbal drug. The subjects received the combination therapy of metformin (500 mg) and placebo or metformin (500 mg) and poly- herbal drug (500 mg) twice daily for a period of 24 weeks. Estimation of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides), homocysteine, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α and C-reactive pro- tein (CRP) were measured at baseline and were repeated at three months and six months. The primary end point was a change from baseline to week 24 in MMSE score. Key secondary end points included change from baseline to week 24 in Digital Symbol Substitution (DSS); subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised), word recall (digital memory apparatus - Medicaid systems, Chandigarh, India), attention span (Attention Span Apparatus - Medicaid systems, Chandigarh, India), Functional Activity Questionnaire (FAQ) and Hamilton Depres- sion Scale (HDS) score. Further inflammatory markers and level of oxidative stress were anal - ysed using standard biochemical tests. Result: The trial was performed in 120 elderly diabetic patients out of whom 112 patients

PATHO PHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF DEPRESSION: AN AYURVEDIC OVERVIEW

In its holistic approach, Ayurveda gives prime importance to positive mental h ealth. Anything that disturbs the balance of body and mind is known to produce a disease. Emotions are the basic feelings of human beings. All of us have felt unhappy, “down,” or discouraged at times in o ur lives . But when anybody feels anxious , hopeless, helpless, worthless , guilty, irritable, hurt, or restless comes under the categorization of depre ssion. Vishada and Avasada are two conditions that are similar to depression in Ayurveda. Vishada is defined as persistent sad mood, feeling of incompetence due to apprehension of failure resulting into incapability of mind and body to function properly. C haraka quotes ‘ Vishado Rogavardhananam Agrya: ’ mean Vishada is the foremost factor to worsen the disease condition. This is the first principle regarding Psycho - neuro - immunology in Ayurveda. P rogress in understanding the neuro - biology of depression is slow . Several promising hypothesis of depression and antidepressant action have been formulated recently. A ne uro - biological understanding also requires identification of several mechanisms involv ed in the phy sio - pathogenesis of depression. D epression or other mood disorders are very serious because it start s at early age, hard to diagnose in youth/ youngsters, confused with normal frequency behaviour, drug use or other psychiatric illnesses associated with high suicidal risk, treatment is started very late and requires long term follow up / treatment for long term. In the ligh t of above facts in present article we tried to give a brief o verview into patho physiology of depression and outline a comprehensive Ayurvedic approach to manage Depression and other moo d disorders. It also highlight s the hidden concept of Ayurvedic psychology that can be utilised in medicine for treatment of depression and promotion of mental health. Keywo rds : Depression, Mood Disorder, Mental Health and Neurobiology .