Hacy Pinto Barbosa

Efeito de diferentes fontes de fósforo na dieta sobre as características dos ossos de porcas e suas proles

The main limitation in the use of rock phosphate in swine diets is the fluorine content that may be toxic when used for long periods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monocalcium phosphate (MP) and Tapira phosphate (TP) to sows and their offspring when fed during four reproductive cycles, as compared to the traditional use of dicalcium phosphate (DP). The study involved 13, 16 and 13 sows for DP, MP and TP phosphates, respectively. The litters were also fed with the same respective phosphate treatments until they reached 95 kg of body weight. The variables analyzed were: macroscopic tooth lesions score in sows, histological evaluation of bone tissue, the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and the evaluation of bone mineral contents and bone morphometrical characteristics. The results showed that TP is toxic for sows when used continuously during 4 reproductive cycles and causes lesions of chronic fluorosis in the teeth and bone tissue. TP also affected the litters with some minor lesions of fluorosis in bone tissue at the 4th reproductive cycle. MP induced some minor inespecific lesions only in bone tissue of the sows. No deleterious effects were observed in sows and litters fed DP.

Disponibilidade biológica do fósforo de fontes fosfatadas determinada por intermédio da técnica de diluição isotópica: II. Suínos em crescimento

Foram usados 24 leitoes machos, castrados, com peso medio inicial de 45,95 kg, para determinar as perdas endogenas fecais, as taxas de absorcao verdadeira do fosforo dietetico e a disponibilidade biologica do fosforo dos fosfatos. Foi usado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repeticoes, e um animal por unidade experimental (gaiola). As racoes eram a base de milho e farelo de soja, e o P suplementado atraves dos fosfatos: bicalcico (BIC); Tapira (TAP); Patos de Minas (FPM); monoamonio (MAP) e supertriplo (SPT) e a dieta controle sem P suplementar (CONT). No 7o dia do experimento, os animais receberam injecao com 7,4 MBq de 32P, como fosfato de sodio. Amostras de sangue, fezes e urina, foram coletadas por sete dias. Concluiu-se que a disponibilidade biologica foi de 71,94; 76,67; 69,49; 64,92 e 66,35% para os fosfatos BIC, TAP, FPM, MAP E SPT, respectivamente. As variaveis estudadas apresentaram respostas similares entre as diferentes fontes de fosforo suplementar.

Cinética do fósforo em tecidos de suínos em crescimento

This research was conducted to study the kinetic of phosphorus (P) in tissue of swine growing phase fed diets containing crescent levels of total phosphorus (.30, .40, .51, .65 e .73%), using 32P as tracer. The rate of 32P retention and the relative specific activity and standard in the bone, liver, heart, kidney and muscle were the markers of inorganic P concentration. Ten commercial crossbred barrows, with 20 kg, were allotted to a completely randomized design in a split plot arrangement. The pigs were kept in metabolic cage for a seven-day period of adaptation and seven-day for blood samples collection. In the first day of the collection period, each animal was injected intravenously with 7.4 MBq of 32P, as metabolic tracer. On 8th day the animals were slaughtered and sample of tissues were collected. The mean values of the P concentration, of 32P retention and of the relative specific activity in bone, liver, heart, kidney and muscle were 65.79, 10.34, 8.39, 10.99, and 6.64 mg/g DM; .0125, .0156, .0176, .0178, and .0165% and .6292, .6286, .5718, .5215, and .6506, respectively. The levels of P intake did not affect the concentration of P in bones, liver heart, kidney and muscle. The 32P retention in the tissues decreased in the following order: kidney, heart, muscles, liver and bone, independently of the amount of P intake. The P exchanges between the plasma and the tissues, bone, liver and kidney, increased with the increasing of the P intake from the diet.

Dietas para Leitões nas Fases de Creche e Diferentes Idades ao Desmame

Oitenta leitoes, metade desmamada aos 20 de idade e metade aos 25 dias de idade, com respectivos pesos: 4,55 ± 0,67 e 6,62 ± 0,92 kg, foram distribuidos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial, com cinco repeticoes e quatro animais por unidade experimental, visando-se estudar dois tipos de dieta e duas idades de desmame e seus efeitos nas fases de crescimento e terminacao. As diferentes caracteristicas das dietas foram obtidas com niveis de inclusao dos ingredientes: leite em po desnatado, acucar e oleo de soja. Nao houve interacao de dieta com idade ao desmame, e sim efeitos isolados dos fatores nas variaveis medidas. Ate os 42 dias de idade, os leitoes que consumiram a dieta com alta inclusao de leite em po, acucar e oleo tiveram melhor desempenho, enquanto o efeito da maior idade (25 dias) ao desmame influenciou apenas o ganho de peso. Dos 42 aos 63 dias de idade, a dieta com leite em po propiciou melhor conversao alimentar e o efeito benefico do desmame aos 25 dias de idade persistiu no ganho de peso. Os animais que consumiram dietas com altos niveis (40 e 20%) do produto lacteo nos periodos de creche atingiram os 94,1 kg em menor tempo. Em relacao aos que receberam as dietas com 10 e 0% de produto lacteo nas mesmas fases, a reducao do periodo foi de 5 dias na idade final a terminacao. Nas fases iniciais de crescimento, a alta inclusao de leite em po desnatado favorece o desempenho dos leitoes e a idade de desmame aos 25 dias e melhor do que a idade de desmame aos 20 dias. O acumulado das diferencas no desempenho, subsequentemente aos tratamentos aplicados nos periodos de creche, deve ser melhor avaliado na idade final do suino ao peso de abate.Eighty piglets, half weaned at 20 days of age and half weaned at 25 daysof age, weighing 4.55 ± 0.67 and 6.62 kg ± 0.92 kg, respectively, were allotted to an experimental randomized block design in a factorial scheme, with five replicates of four animals per experimental unit, to evaluate two diets and two weaning periods and its effects in the growing and finishing phases. Different characteristics of diets were obtained with inclusion levels of ingredients: dried skin milk, sugar and soybean oil. There was no interaction between diets and weaning ages, but isolated effects of these factors on animal performance occurred. Piglets fed diet with high inclusion of dried skin milk and sugar and oil showed the best performance until 42 days, while the effect of the higher age was prominent only on weight gain. In the period from 42 to 63 days of age, the skin milk based diet allowed better feed/gain ratio and the effect of the oldest age persisted on weight gain. The animals fed diets with high levels of milk product (40 and 20%) in nursery phases reached the 94.1 kg at minor age and compared to the ones that received 10 and 0% of milk products in same phases, the reduction time was of 5 days at finishing. In the beginning of the growing phase, the high level of dried skim milk favored the piglets performance and the weaning at 25 days. It is more recommended that weaning at 20 days. The accumulate of the differences subsequently to the nursery applied treatments must be better evaluated in the final age of pig at slaughter weight.

Avaliação das perdas endógenas e das exigências de fósforo, por meio da técnica da diluição isotópica, para suínos em crescimento

This research was conducted to determine the minimum endogenous losses, the nutritional requirement of phosphorus (P) for maintenance, the biological availability of P from dicalcium phosphate and the variation of plasma P concentration in swine of 20 kg LW. The pigs were fed diets containing different levels of total phosphorus (.30, .40, .51, .65 and .73%). Twenty commercial crossbred barrows were maintained in metabolic cages for a seven-day period of adaptation and seven days of total collection of feces, urine and blood samples. In the first day of the collection period, each animal was injected intravenously with 7.4 MBq of 32P as metabolic tracer. The values of endogenous fecal P were of 8.59, 8.43, 9.81, 11.28, and 12.75 mg P/kg LW•day, of P retained were 25.68, 67.05, 108.29, 131.56, and 135.88 mg P/kg LW•day, and of absorption P were 34.55, 75.93, 124.41, 162.97, and 175.00 mg P/kg LW•day, respectively, for diets A, B, C, D and E. The minimum endogenous fecal loss was 23.92 mg /kg LW•day and the daily P requirement for maintenance of pigs, in diets supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, was 38.58 mg P/kg LW•day. The biological availability of P from dicalcium phosphate was 90.30%.

Efeito do processamento e nível de proteína em dietas com milho e soja no desempenho de leitões desmamados

The objective of this study was to evaluate diets with corn and soybean manufactured with different processes and protein levels on weaned piglets performance. Two experiments were carried out, each one with 80 piglets weaned when they were 20 and 18 day-old, in the first and second experiments, respectively. The experiments were in a randomized block design in a 2x2 factorial scheme, with five replications and four animals per experimental unit. Daily records of weight gain, food ingestion and food conversion were made in piglets in three phases of development, according to piglets age, in both experiments. Treatments of the first experiment used two manufacturing processes in corn (common and pre-cooking) and in soybean (meal and macerated full fat); the second experiment consisted of diets with pre-cooking corn and macerated full fat soybean, containing or not milk by-products and 18% and 15% protein level. In the first experiment, common corn and soybean meal allowed better performance of piglets in all phases. In the second experiment, milk by-product diets showed the best results, in all phases, and the 18% crude protein allowed higher piglets performance on the first phase.

Absorçäo real, perdas endógenas e exigência de fósforo para suínos em final de crescimento, pela técnica da diluiçäo isotópica

Determinaram-se as perdas endogenas minimas, a exigencia de fosforo e a absorcao real do fosforo do fosfato bicalcico em suinos no final da fase de crescimento, pela tecnica da diluicao isotopica. Foram utilizados 20 leitoes hibridos comerciais, com peso de 48kg, distribuidos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos, constituidos de dietas com diferentes niveis de P total (0,33, 0,36, 0,47, 0,54 e 0,61%), com quatro repeticoes. A excrecao fecal e urinaria, a absorcao e a retencao de P foram influenciadas pelos niveis de consumo desse mineral. As perdas endogenas fecais nao foram influenciadas pelos niveis de P consumido, indicando que os niveis ingeridos foram insuficientes para atender as exigencias de P dos leitoes. A biodisponibilidade do fosforo do fosfato bicalcico foi de 74,7% e a exigencia de mantenca de 10,02mgP/kg p.v./dia.

Farelo de Soja, Soja Integral Macerada e Soja Micronizada na Alimentação de Leitões Desmamados aos 21 Dias de Idade

Seventy two piglets weaned at 21 days of age with live weight of 5.01 ± 0.90 kg were allotted to a randomized block design, replicated six times with four animals per experimental unit. The treatments were constituted of diets with the following protein sources: soybean meal, macerated full fat soybean and micronized soybean. The diets were fed from weaning to 42 days (initial-1 phase) and from 43 to 56 days of age (initial-2 phase). The residual effects of the treatments provided in the nursery period were evaluated in the growing and finishing phases. Considering the initial-1, initial-2 and total period of permanence in the nursery, the piglets fed diet with soybean meal showed higher performance than the others, and the ones fed macerated full fat soybean, higher weight gain than those fed micronized soybean in initial-1 phase and total period. The benefits on weight during nursery phase should be observed in the growing and finishing phases. The animals fed soybean meal reached the ideal weights of 50 and 95 kg at minor age, compared to those fed micronized soybean. In relation to those fed diet with micronized soybean, the reduction of period was of 5 days in the growing phase, 6 days in the finishing phase e 11 days to reach 95 kg of live weight, compared to those fed soybean meal. Among the protein sources, the soybean meal is more indicated in the piglets feeding after weaning. The macerated full fat soybean must be evaluated as an economic alternative in the replacement of soybean meal.Distribuiram-se 72 leitoes desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com peso de 5,01 ± 0,90 kg, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis repeticoes e quatro animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos utilizados foram racoes com as seguintes fontes proteicas: farelo de soja, soja integral macerada e soja micronizada. Forneceram-se as dietas do desmame aos 42 dias (fase inicial-1) e de 43 a 56 dias (fase inicial-2) de idade. Os efeitos residuais dos tratamentos aplicados durante o periodo de creche foram avaliados nas fases de crescimento e terminacao. Considerando as fases inicial-1, inicial-2 e o periodo total de permanencia na creche, os leitoes que receberam farelo de soja mostraram desempenho superior aos demais e aqueles que consumiram a soja integral macerada, maior ganho de peso em relacao aos alimentados com soja micronizada na fase inicial-1 e no periodo total. Quanto ao peso, os beneficios no fim do periodo de creche puderam ser observados nas fases de crescimento e terminacao. Os animais que consumiram farelo de soja atingiram pesos esperados de 50 e 95 kg em menor tempo, em comparacao aqueles que consumiram soja micronizada. Em relacao aos animais que haviam recebido as dietas com soja micronizada, a reducao do periodo foi de cinco dias na fase de crescimento, seis na fase de terminacao e 11 dias para atingir 95 kg de peso vivo, comparados aqueles que receberam farelo de soja. Entre as fontes proteicas provenientes da soja, o farelo e o mais indicado na alimentacao de leitoes apos o desmame. A soja integral macerada deve ser avaliada como alternativa economica em substituicao ao farelo de soja.