Elias Tadeu Fialho

Influência do tempo de coleta e metodologias sobre a digestibilidade e o valor energético de rações para aves

Em um ensaio de digestibilidade, avaliou-se o metodo de coleta total de excretas e o metodo do oxido cromico como indicador. Determinou-se a energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida pelo nitrogenio retido (EMAn) e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da materia seca (CDAMS) de uma racao a base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo 19% de PB e 3.100 kcal de EM/kg. Foram utilizados 60 galos Leghorn, com peso de 2.350±105 g. Cada galo foi avaliado pelos dois metodos simultaneamente em periodos consecutivos. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas, para as duas metodologias avaliadas. Com o uso do oxido cromico, os tratamentos foram definidos em um arranjo fatorial 4x5 (quatro niveis de oxido cromico, 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 e 0,8%, e cinco tempos de coleta de excretas, 1 a 5 dias), totalizando 20 tratamentos na parcela (galo), em dois periodos consecutivos (subparcelas), com tres repeticoes por periodo. Na coleta total de excretas, os tratamentos foram definidos como cinco tempos de coleta (1 a 5 dias) na parcela e dois periodos consecutivos na subparcela, com 12 repeticoes por periodo. O uso dos periodos consecutivos de coleta nao afetou a EMAn nem o CDAMS. No metodo de coleta total, os valores de EMAn e CDAMS atingiram um plato acima de dois dias de coleta, comprovando que o tempo de coleta pode ser reduzido para tres dias sem comprometer os valores determinados. Os resultados indicaram interacao dos niveis de oxido cromico na racao e do tempo de coleta para os valores de EMAn e CDAMS. Concluiu-se que tres dias de coleta sao suficientes para determinar a EMAn e o CDAMS de racoes a base de milho e farelo de soja. Com tres dias de coleta e com o uso de 0,665% de oxido cromico na racao, foi possivel determinar valores semelhantes de EMAn e CDAMS nas duas metodologias.

Efeito da fitase e xilanase sobre o desempenho e as características ósseas de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo farelo de arroz

The present work was designed to verify the effect of the use of phytase and xylanase upon the performance and bone deposition of minerals in broiler diets containing 15% of rice bran, low available phosphorus and without supplementation of iron, zinc, copper and manganese. The phytase utilized was the Natuphos 5000 and the xylanase Avizyme 1300. The experimental design was the completely randomized and the analysis of variance in a 4x2+1 factorial scheme. The control diet was made up of adequate levels of all nutrients without rice bran and without enzymes. The diets of the other treatments were formulated with 15% of rice bran with low available phosphorus (40% of the recommended) and without inorganic supplementation of Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn with four levels of phytase (0, 400, 800 and 1,200 units/kg) with or without xylanase (1kg/t). The variables analyzed at 21 and 42 days of age were performance and ash, P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in the tibia. Live weight and feed intake increased significantly with supplementation of phytase whereas feed conversion was not affected both at 21 and 42 days. The best level of phytase of 1.105 and 1.023 FTU/kg for better performance was reached at 21 and 42 days, respectively. The xylanase did not affect significantly live weight and feed intake. Therefore the data shown a significant improvement in feed conversion at the two ages evaluated provided by lower feed intake by the birds fed diets supplemented with xylanase. The phytase levels shown a linear increase in the contents of ash and phosphorus in the tibia and did not affect the deposition of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in the two studied ages. The xylanase did not have any effect on the parameters evaluated in the tibia.

Redução de proteína e fósforo em rações com fitase para frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade: desempenho e teores de minerais na cama

The trial was carried out to evaluate the performance and mineral levels in the litter of broilers from 1 to 21 days old, fed diets with low-crude protein (CP) and low available phosphorus (AP) supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase. A total of 1-d 1.500 male Cobb broiler chickens averaging initial weight of 42.5 g was allotted to floor pens as a complete randomized blocks design, with 3 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement, being three levels of CP (15, 17 and 19%) and three levels of AP (0.25, 0.34, and 0.45%) and a control with expected nutritional requirements, according to Brazilian researchers recommendations, with six replicates of 25 broilers. In the diets with 0.25 and 0.34% of AP 500 FTU of phytase were added and the Ca levels decreased by 17%. Weight gain of the broilers fed diets with 15% of CP supplemented with synthetic amino acids in the three levels of AP + phytase and in the diet with 17% CP and 0,25% AP + phytase was lower than those fed the control diet. The feed intake of the broilers feeding low CP (15% ad 17%) and low AP (0,25%) + phytase was lower than those fed the control diet.. However, it was not observed any significant differences for feed conversion. The broilers fed diets with 17% and 19% of CP, with low AP (0.34%), supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase showed performance similar to those obtained with control diet. The CP and AP levels affected P, Ca, Zn, Cu ad K contents in litter, but did not affect N content. The mineral levels in the litter decreased when broilers were fed diet containing 17% CP and 0.34% of AP, supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase, except for the N content. The CP and AP levels may be reduced by 17 and 0,34% respectively, in the broilers diets in the initial phase (1 to 21 days old), with no effect on performance, since the diets are supplemented with synthetic amino acids and phytase. These levels of CP and AP resulted in decreasing environmental impact, due to the decreasing P, Ca, Cu, and Zn contents in the litter.

Características da carcaça e viabilidade econômica do uso de cloridrato de ractopamina para suínos em terminação com alimentação à vontade ou restrita

The objective of this research was to evaluate the supplementation of 5ppm of ractopamine (RAC), associated or not with feed restriction, on carcass characteristics on finishing pigs and the economic viability of its use. Thirty hybrid barrows (life weight of 107.2±6.2kg), receiving the experimental diets during 28 days before the slaughter. A randomized blocks design in factorial scheme 2 x 2 + 1 (with or without RAC in diets with 1.04% of total lysine; ad libitum or feed restriction of 15% and an additional treatment - control - ad libitum, without RAC containing 0.8% of lysine - standard diet), totalizing five treatments and six replicates. The addiction of RAC per se increased the loin eye area, the meat percentage, the carcass meat:fat ratio, the allowance index, the gross earnings and the production net earnings and decreased the animals backfat thickness. When associated with feed restriction, the RAC decreased the carcass fat percentage. Compared to standard diet, the RAC increased the carcass yield, the carcass meat percentage and the allowance index paid to the producer and decreased the backfat thickness. The RAC associated at the feed restriction decreased the fat carcass percentage and increased the carcass meat:fat ratio and the gross earnings. Thus, the supplementation with 5ppm of RAC, associated or no at the feed restriction, improves the carcass characteristics and the economic viability of production.

Planos nutricionais com a utilização de aminoácidos e fitase para frangos de corte mantendo o conceito de proteína ideal nas dietas

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance and characteristics of carcass of broiler chickens fed diets with reduced levels of CP, available P (aP) and Ca, supplemented with phytase and amino acids. The growth phases evaluated were: Phase1, 1 - 21 days old, phase 2, 22 - 42 days old. A completely randomized design was used, with the treatments constituted of five nutritional plans (NP), with six replicates of 25 birds each. The nutritional plans were: NP1 - basal ration (21.4% CP - phase 1) + basal ration (19.3% CP - phase 2); NP2 = basal ration (phase 1) + ration with 18% CP (phase 2); NP3 = basal ration (phase 1) + ration with 16% CP (phase 2); NP4 = ration with 19% CP (phase 1) + ration with 16% CP (phase 2) and NP5 = ration with 17% CP (phase 1) + ration with 16% CP (phase 2). Except for basal ration, it was reduced the level of aP for 0.34% and 0.30% in the phases 1 an 2, respectively, and Ca to 0.80 and 0.70% in the phases 1 and 2, respectively , and in theses diets were added 500 FTU of phytase/ kg of ration. The NP4 and NP5 affected the bird performance. The bird fed NP2 and NP3 showed performance similar to those which was fed NP1, while birds that were fed PN4 and PN5 remained unchanged. The carcass and breast yield were not influenced by the nutritional plans. The birds fed basal diets in the two rearing phases (NP1) showed higher yield of thigh + drumstick. There was increase of the abdominal fat when the birds were fed NP3, 4 and 5. In conclusion, is possible to reduce the protein of the ration up to 16% in the phase 2, supplemented with phytase and amino acids, since the ration of the phase 1 be formulated with recommended nutritional levels.

Composição química, vitreosidade e digestibilidade de diferentes híbridos de milho para suínos

Objetivou-se avaliar a composicao quimica, vitreosidade e valores nutricionais de diferentes hibridos de milho atraves de analises laboratoriais e de um ensaio de metabolismo com suinos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 24 suinos em fase de crescimento (35,6 Kg ±± 3,05 kg de PV) machos castrados mesticos (LD x LW), os quais foram mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso totalizando 24 parcelas. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de 6 racoes com os seguintes hibridos de milho: milho oleo (Moleo), milho QPM (MQPM), milho dentado (Mdent), milho semidentado (Msemi) e dois milhos duros (Mdur1) e (Mdur2). Os valores obtidos de vitreosidade, coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteina bruta (CDPB) e energia digestivel (ED) para Moleo, MQPM, Mdent, Msemi, Mdur1 e Mdur2 foram 78,5%; 71,7%; 57,2%; 68,2%; 75,9%; 82,8%; 81,68%; 80,14%; 82,35%; 69,71%; 76,98%; 75,61%; 3680; 3426; 3597; 3441; 3340 e 3469 Kcal/Kg, respectivamente. Foram observadas diferencas significativas (P<0,05) para os valores de vitreosidade, mostrando que os milhos de textura dura apresentam maior vitreosidade em relacao ao semidentado e ao dentado. Houve diferencas significativas no CDMS, CDPB e ED entre os milhos estudados (P<0,05), mostrando que o milho oleo (Moleo) e o dentado (Mdent) foram superiores aos demais. Em relacao ao nitrogenio retido (%NR), houve diferencas significativas (P<0,05) entre os milhos estudados. Para esta variavel os milhos dentado, QPM e alto oleo mostraram-se superiores aos milhos semidentado e os duros. Conclui-se que os milhos dentado, Moleo e MQPM foram superiores aos demais.

Adição de enzimas exôgenas para leitões dos 10 aos 30 kg de peso

Three experiments were carried out to study the performance and digestibility of nutrients and to determine the endogenous enzyme level in grouving swines fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes. The experimental diets consisted of corn, soybean meal, vitamins and minerals plus the addition of exogenous enzymes. The mixtures consisted of 25 g of exogenous enzyme per 100 kg of diet. The basic composition of the diets were 18.00% of crude protein (CP) and 3400 kcal/kg of digestible energy (DE). In the experiment 1, 160 crossbred piglets Landrace x Large White with 9.87±1.48 kg LW were allotted to five treatments (control or basal diet; BD + amylase; BD + lipase; BD + protease, and BD + a complex of amylase, lipase and protease) and eight replicates, and the studied characteristics were the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed:gain (F:G) with eight replicates. In the experiment 2, 20 piglets with 17.4±0.50 kg were maintained in metabolic cages and under controlled ambient. The studied characteristics were DE, metabolizable energy (ME), and crude protein digestibility (CPD). This experiment consisted of the five above treatments with two replicates. In the experiment 3, 30 piglets were used with the objective to study the level of endogenous digestible enzymes. The completely randomized block design was used in the three experiments. The results of the addition exogenous enzymes on ADFI, ADG. However, the addition of protease improved FC on a significant level. The results showed that the addition of exogenous enzymes also affected the CDCP, although no significant differences were observed on the digestibility of energy. The levels of endogenous enzymes were not influenced by the addition of exogenous enzymes; however, the animal weight affected the amylase and tripsin levels.

Níveis de proteína e fósforo em rações com fitase para frangos de corte, na fase de 14 a 21 dias de idade: 2. valores energéticos e digestibilidade de nutrientes

A digestibility assay was carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy values (AMEn), dry matter digestibility coefficients (DMDC), the excretion and apparent retention coefficient of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), using 250 Cobb male broiler chickens receiving the treatments distributed in a factorial schedule 3 ´ 3 + 1 (available phosphorus level - 0.25; 0.34 and 0.45% and crude protein level [CP]- 15.0; 17.0 and 19.0% and a control diet, with normal nutritional levels), with five replicates of five birds each. In the diets with reduced levels of available phosphorus (aP), 500 FTU of phytase were added and calcium requirement was reduced in 17%. Except for control treatment, all the diets were formulated on digestible amino acids basis. The energetic values of the diets with 15.0 and 17.0% CP, independently of the aP levels used or the phytase supplementation, presented higher AMEn that the control diet possibility regarding to supplemental amino acids addition. The DMDC of the diets with reduced CP levels and different levels of aP were higher than the control diet. The CP reduction in the diet associated to lower aP levels and phytase enzyme supplementation allowed to reduce the minerals excretion, which showed better retention coefficients, except for Zinc that presented lower retention coefficient than the the control diet. However, all minerals excretion, as relatively compared to the control diet, was minimized when lower levels of CP and aP was used in the diet, supplemented with phytase. The manipulation of the protein and phosphorus levels in diets supplemented with amino acids and phytase could reduce mainly the excretion of nitrogen, P and Cu, minimizing the environment pollution caused by these elements.

Ação da fitase sobre a disponibilidade biológica do fósforo, por intermédio da técnica de diluição isotópica, em dietas com farelo de arroz integral para suínos

RESUMO - Esta pesquisa foi realizada para determinar as perdas endogenas fecais de fosforo e a acao da fitase sobre a disponibilidade biologica do P nas racoes e no farelo integral de arroz (FAI), para suinos em crescimento, por meio da tecnica de diluicao isotopica. Os leitoes foram distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e tres repeticoes. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas dietas sem FAI (com ou sem 1250 FTU [Unidade de Atividade de Fitase]/kg racao), com 0,34% de P total, e outras duas com FAI (sem ou com 1250 FTU/kg racao), com 0,56% de P total. No 11o dia do experimento, foram aplicados em cada animal, por via endovenosa, 7,4 MBq de 32P. As perdas endogenas fecais nao foram influenciadas pela acao da fitase. A adicao de fitase reduziu o P total excretado nas fezes e melhorou a absorcao e a disponibilidade biologica do P das dietas com farelo de arroz integral.

Comparação entre os indicadores internos e o método de coleta total na determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes de alimentos volumosos, em eqüinos

Foram realizados dois ensaios com o objetivo de avaliar a precisao dos indicadores internos em relacao ao metodo de coleta total de fezes, para estimar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em dietas, em equinos. Foram utilizados seis cavalos adultos sem raca definida e com idade media de sete anos. No primeiro ensaio, foram comparados os valores de digestibilidade dos nutrientes do feno de capim coast-cross, utilizando-se cinza insoluvel em HCl (CIA), cinza insoluvel em detergente acido (CIDA) e lignina, por intermedio do metodo de coleta total de fezes. No segundo ensaio, foi comparada, pelos dois metodos, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta composta de capim-elefante e feno de capim coast-cross. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, no qual cada cavalo constituiu o bloco, e os metodos de determinacao da digestibilidade, os tratamentos. Em ambos os ensaios, os resultados demonstraram que a CIA e CIDA foram eficientes como indicadores internos para estimar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes do feno de capim coast-cross e da dieta composta de feno de capim coast-cross e capim-elefante. Nos cavalos alimentados com feno de capim coast-cross, a recuperacao media de CIA e CIDA nas fezes foi de 100,12 e 99,66%, respectivamente. Nos cavalos alimentados com feno de capim coast-cross e capim-elefante, a recuperacao foi de 101,32 e 96,33%, respectivamente. A lignina mostrou-se inadequada para estimar a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes das dietas testadas.