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Comparative evaluation of volatiles, phenolics, sugars, organic acids and antioxidant properties of Sel-42 and Tainung papaya varieties.

The present study was designed to determine the phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, aroma profiles and antioxidant properties of Sel-42 and Tainung papayas grown in Turkey. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the samples. The total phenolic content of Sel-42 was clearly higher than that of Tainung. Protocatechuic acid-hexoside, gallic acid-deoxyhexoside, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant phenolics in both cultivars. Aroma composition of papaya was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 46 and 42 aroma compounds, including esters, alcohols, terpenes, lactones, acids, carbonyl compounds, and volatile phenols were identified in the Sel-42 and Tainung, respectively. The significant linear correlation was confirmed between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of papaya extracts.

EFFECT OF PREHARVEST SPRAYS OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE AND SUCROSE ON CRACKING AND QUALITY OF ‘BURLAT’ SWEET CHERRY FRUIT

The aim of the study was to examine impact of preharvest sprays of calcium (Ca) and sucrose on splitting and quality of ‘Burlat’ sweet cherry fruit. The study was carried out during 2009–2010 in Poland and Turkey, on mature trees planted at a moderate density on coarse- and medium-textured soils. Sweet cherries were sprayed with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and/or sucrose at a rate of 5 kg of each material per ha, using ca. 1000 L of water. In Poland, sprays of CaCl2 and/or sucrose were applied 8–14 h before each rain, starting 21 d before harvest, whereas in Turkey the spray treatments were made schematically: 7, 14 and 21 d before harvest. Sprays of water were treated as the control. The results showed that preharvest sprays of CaCl2 and/or sucrose did not affect yield, mean fruit weight, and fruit acidity. Sprays of CaCl2 increased fruit Ca status, and simultaneously reduced fruit cracking in an orchard or laboratory test. In the trial performed in Turkey, part of fruit sprayed with CaCl2 (<5%) had spray deposit on the peel. Sucrose sprays did not affect fruit cracking. In one year of the study in Turkey, sucrose sprays increased soluble solids concentration of fruit; however, part of fruit treated with sucrose (<2%) had spray deposit on the skin.

EFFECT OF AUTUMN CALCIUM SPRAY AT A HIGH RATE ON ‘GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE QUALITY AND STORABILITY

The aim of the study was to examine effect of autumn calcium (Ca) spray at a high rate on apple quality and storability. The investigation was carried out during 2005–2006 in Isparta district, Turkey, under semi-arid conditions, on mature ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees/M.9 EMLA, planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m on fine-textured soil rich in Ca. The trees were sprayed with Ca in summer and/or in autumn, using organically complexed Ca to avoid possible leaf and fruit injuries. In autumn (10 days before harvest), the trees were sprayed with Ca at a rate of 8 kg ha−1. In summer, the another trees were sprayed with Ca six times at a rate of 1.5 kg ha−1 in each measure; the first spray treatment was performed 6 weeks after full bloom, and the others at 7–9 day intervals. The third part of the trees was sprayed with Ca in summer as well as in autumn, at the same terms and rates as given above. Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control. It was found that Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumn damaged leaves; however those treatments did not caused defoliation. Calcium sprays had no effect on apple yield, mean fruit weight, fruit skin russeting, and firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest. Fruit flesh Ca concentrations of the control trees were high. However, the highest fruit Ca concentration was recorded on the trees sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn. Calcium sprays in summer or in autumn increased fruit Ca concentrations but their effects were weaker than summer plus autumn Ca applications. After 100 days of refrigerated air storage, soluble solids concentration of fruit did not differ between the studied combinations. Only apples sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn were firmer and contained more organic acids than the control fruit. During storage, there were neither pathogenic diseases nor physiological disorders. Based on the obtained results we conclude that Ca sprays in summer plus in autumn at high rate can prolong ‘Granny Smith’ apple storage even thought initial fruit Ca concentration is as high as 502–504 mg Ca kg−1 DW or 84.1–84.8 mg Ca kg−1 FW.

Production potential of cavendish cultivars (Musa spp. AAA) under greenhouse and field conditions in subtropical areas of Turkey

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production potential of banana cultivars, ‘Grand Nain’, ‘Petit Nain’, ‘Poyo’, ‘Williams’ and ‘Basrai’, as alternatives to the ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ for open-field and greenhouse cultivation in subtropical conditions. Stem circumference, stem height, total leaf number, bunch stalk circumference, days from shooting to harvest, number of hands per bunch, number of fingers per bunch, finger circumference, finger length and bunch weight were measured in open-field and greenhouse cultivation. Cultivars ‘Williams’ and ‘Grand Nain’ were superior to ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ in greenhouse cultivation, while these two cultivars and ‘Petit Nain’ and ‘Basrai’ were superior to ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ in open-field cultivation. ‘Poyo’ was not suitable for greenhouse cultivation because of its excessive height and for open-field cultivation due to its sensitivity to wind damage. Greenhouse cultivation of bananas was superior to open-field cultivation for all cultivars with increases in yield of 19 to 28% according to the cultivar.

RESPONSE OF ‘GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE TREES TO FOLIAR TITANIUM SPRAYS UNDER CONDITIONS OF LOW SOIL AVAILABILITY OF IRON, MANGANESE, AND ZINC

The aim of the study was to examine impact of foliar titanium (Ti) sprays on vegetative and reproductive response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees under conditions of low soil availability of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 at a Experimental Station in Isparta region, Turkey, on mature ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees/M.9, planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m, on fine-textured soil with neutral reaction, medium status of organic matter, high amounts of available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), and low availability of Fe, Mn, and Zn. The trees were sprayed with Ti-ascorbate at the green and pink bud stage, petal fall, and 3, 6, and 9 weeks after full bloom, at a rate of 3 g Ti ha−1 per spray. The efficiency of Ti sprays was compared to combined sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn [chelated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)], applied at the same terms as Ti sprays, at rate of 36 g, 36 g and 24 g per spray, respectively. Trees unsprayed with Ti, Fe, Mn, and Zn served as the control. It was shown that summer leaf Ti concentrations of the trees untreated with Ti were high, varying from 34 to 36 mg kg−1 dry matter. Foliar Ti sprays increased leaf status of this nutrient but they had no effect on nutrition of essential macro- and microelements, tree vigor, and fruit yield. Mean apple weight, coloring, firmness, soluble solids concentration, and titratable acidity of fruit were not also influenced by Ti sprays. Foliar sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn improved leaf status of nitrogen (N), Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn; leaves of the trees sprayed with those micronutrients were also greener, and contained more Fe2+ than those of the control plants. Combined sprays of Fe, Mn, and Zn improved tree vigor and fruit yield.

Socioeconomic Importance of the Banana Tree (Musa Spp.) in the Guinean Highland Savannah Agroforests

Home gardens are defined as less complex agroforests which look like and function as natural forest ecosystems but are integrated into agricultural management systems located around houses. Investigations were carried out in 187 households. The aim of the study was to identify the different types of banana home gardens existing in the periurban zone of Ngaoundere town. The results showed that the majority of home gardens in the area were very young (less than 15 years old) and very small in size (less than 1 ha). Eleven types of home gardens were found in the periurban area of Ngaoundere town. The different home garden types showed important variations in all their structural characteristics. Two local species of banana are cultivated in the systems, Musa sinensis and Musa paradisiaca. The total banana production is 3.57 tons per year. The total quantity of banana consumed in the periurban zone was 3.54 tons (93.5%) whereas 1.01 tons were sold in local or urban markets. The main banana producers belonged to home gardens 2, 4, 7, and 9. The quantity of banana offered to relatives was more than what the farmers received from others. Farmers, rely on agroforests because the flow of their products helps them consolidate friendship and conserve biodiversity at the same time.

Subtropik koşullarda muzlarda yavru bitki ayarlamasına yeni bir yaklaşım

Muz yetistiriciliginde bir sonraki ana bitkinin devamini saglayacak yavru bitkinin secimi (takipci bitki), verim ve kaliteyi dogrudan etkilemektedir. Eger yavru bitki ayarlanmasi duzenli olarak yapilmaz ise istenmeyen yavru bitkiler, urun verecek yavru bitkilerin gubre ve suyu ile rekabete girmektedirler. Bu durum, ana bitkilerin gelisimlerini olumsuz yonde etkileyerek, verim ve kaliteyi dusurmektedir. Turkiye’de, yavru bitki ayarlamasinda bir standart bulunmamaktadir. Planlanan bu calismada, farkli yavru bitki ayarlama sistemlerinin, muz yetistiriciliginde bazi morfolojik ozellikler, verim ve kalite parametreleri uzerine etkileri arastirilmistir. Arastirma, Gazipasa-Antalya’da, acikta yetistiricilik kosullarinda yapilmistir. Calismada uretici kosullari-kontrol (Uygulama a), haziran ayinin ilk haftasinda gelismesini tamamlamis 5 (Uygulama b), 6 (Uygulama c) ve 7 yaprakli (Uygulama d) olmak uzere, dort farkli yontem karsilastirilmistir. Sonuclar, uygulama b ve c’nin, verim ve kalite parametrelerine bakimindan en iyi sonucu verdigini gostermis ve pratikte bu iki uygulama tavsiye edilmistir.

Muz Hevenklerinde Farklı Tip ve Renkte Koruyucu Torba Uygulamalarının Verim ve Kalite Üzerine Etkileri

Subtropik kosullarda hevenklere koruyucu torba takilmasi, meyvelerde soguk zararinin onlenmesi, meyvelerin temizligi ve ayrica hastalik ve zararlilarin kontrolu acisindan onemlidir. Ulkemizde acikta yetistiricilikte koruyucu torba takilmasi zaruri olmakla birlikte, koruyucu torbanin rengi ve tipi ile ilgili standart bir uygulama bulunmamaktadir. Bu nedenlerle planlanan bu calismada, ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ muz cesidinde, acikta muz yetistiriciliginde farkli koruyucu torba uygulamalarinin hevenk agirligi, meyve gelisme suresi, meyve kalitesi ve rengi uzerine etkileri arastirilmistir. Calismada, acikta muz yetistiriciliginin yapildigi yorelerde yaygin olarak kullanilan uygulama (sari renkli ambalaj kâgidinin disina 0.10 mm kalinliginda seffaf plastik ortu gecirilmis) kontrol uygulamasi olarak dikkate alinmis ve kontrol disinda dort farkli koruyucu torba tipi denenmistir. Arastirma bulgulari, hevenk agirligi, parmak ozellikleri, meyve eti orani ve suda cozunebilir kuru madde ile meyve gelisme suresi acisindan en iyi uygulamanin mavi plastik torba uygulamasi oldugunu gostermistir. Olgunlastirma sonrasi C degeride en yuksek mavi plastik torba uygulamasinda belirlenirken, meyve sari rengin koyulugunu gosteren h° aci degeri ise kontrol uygulamasinda en yuksek olarak saptanmistir. Arastirma sonucunda; incelenen kriterler goz onune alindiginda mavi plastik torba uygulamasinin olumlu sonuclar verdigi belirlenmistir.