Hamilton Humberto Ramos

Avaliação da eficiência da mistura pronta de glyphosate + 2,4-D no controle da Commelina virginica L. em citros

In citrus orchard of Sao Paulo state, Brazil, one of the most employed post-emergency herbicide for weed control is glyphosate. However, when this herbicide is applied alone and at the recommended rates, it has been observed a selection of the weed Commelina virginica L. due to its great tolerance and the elimination of other weeds. Because of that, other chemicals must be studied to solve the problem. In this particular case, the herbicide should be sistemic and have a low toxicity to the operator and to the citrus trees. This work was conducted to study the efficacy of a ready mixture of glyphosate + 2,4-D compared to the products sprayed alone in orange orchards [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The phytotoxicity effects were studied too. The experiment was carried out in Catanduva, Sao Paulo, Brazil, in a ten years old orange orchard, with 8,0 x 6,0m spacing. On february, 20 th, 1991, the herbicides were sprayed directly on 15-60cm height Commelina during its flowering. The results showed that the ready mixture was better in Commelina control than other treatments. No significant differences were observed for the rates greater than 0,60 + 0,80 kg a.i./ha. The results reinforced the sinergism theory within both products. None of the treatments caused visual phytotoxicity to orange trees.

Uso de software para análise de imagem em avaliação da cobertura de pulverização

The present work aimed to evaluate the smallest concentration of the tracer fluorescent Poliglow 830 YLS necessary for an adequate contrast with the plant surface, as well as to develop a process for determination of spraying coverage using the software IDRISI for imagery analysis. Three doses of the fluorescent tracer Poliglow 830 YLS (5, 12.5 and 25 g) were previously mixed to 10 g of a mancozeb formulation, diluted in 5 L of water (0.001, 0.0025 e 0.005% w.v. of tracer) and applied on Hibiscus spp, with three different sizes of drops (very large, fine and very fine). After the complete drying of the carrier, samples of leaves were collected, taken to the laboratory and analyzed under ultra-violet light, where a leaf was visually selected with light, medium and heavy deposition, for each one of the nine treatments. The smallest dose of the tracer provided a quite incipient fluorescency for visual analysis, therefore being discarded. The other leaves were photographed with digital camera, in a totally dark atmosphere, under ultra-violet illumination. With these images, a routine analysis was developed in the software IDRISI, which allowed the automation of the coverage analyses. The software IDRISI showed to be an appropriate and efficient tool in the evaluation of the spraying coverage in the plant surface studied. The largest concentration of the tracer improved the sensitivity of the analysis.

EFEITOS DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DE PULVERIZAÇÃO SOBRE A EFICÁCIA DE HERBICIDAS APLICADOS EM PÓS-EMERGÊNCIA

An experiment aiming to study the effect of the quality of the spraying water on the efficiency of pos-emergence herbicides was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Veterinary of the UNESP, in Jaboticabal, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the crop season of 1991/92. A randomized block design with 21 treatments and 3 replications was adopted. The treatments were commercial formulations of glyphosate; commercial mix of glyphosate + 2,4-D, MSMA and paraquat diluted in deionized, distilled, deep well water, turbid water 1 (clean water + 2 g.L-1 of soil with 56% of clay), turbid water 2 (clean water + 10 g.L-1 of soil with 56% of clay) and check (not sprayied). Control evaluations of the plots, both general and specific (by species) were made at 14, 30 and 45 days after spraying. The results demonstrated no significant influence of the water on the effectiveness of any of the herbicides used independently of the time of evaluation. It was concluded that water with up to 10 g.L-1 of soil in suspension can be used with no major problems as far as herbicide effectiveness is concerned.

Verificação de requisitos de segurança de tratores agrícolas em alguns municípios do estado de São Paulo

A survey was held in some regions in the state of Sao Paulo aiming at evaluating safety conditions in used and brand new tractors. 487 tractors in use in 270 farms in the state of Sao Paulo were analyzed together with 31 brand new ones displayed in shops and fairs. The following were checked: the drivers seat, its accessibility, position of controls, protection against the active parts of the engine, warning signs disposal and consonance to the national and international safety regulations for highways driving. The final result showed that while the used tractors offer no comfort or security to the driver, the brand new ones seem to fulfill the requirements, mainly those related to the drivers seat and the protection of the engine active parts.

Perfil dos acidentes rurais em agências do INSS de São Paulo no ano 2000

It was made a sampling with the aim to study the agricultural accidents in Public Health agencies. Ten agencies were consulted in Sao Paulo state on the year 2000. The accidents were evaluated by the percentual distribution of follows data: characteristics of victim in an accident (sex, age, marital status); activity executed when occurred the accident; nature of cause; agent of injury; affected body members; kinds of lesions and result of accident (resting) days, overnights in hospital). It was identified 949 records of accidents and had been observed that the major was related to manual picking (41,7 %) which manual tools were the principal accidents causes (34,3 %) and the most injuries were trauma/notch (68,9 %). The main agent of injury was hit against mechanical parts or objects (43,8 %) and the higher limbs of the body were the most affected (43,2 %).

Exposição dérmica do aplicador de agrotóxicos na cultura da uva, com diferentes pulverizadores

Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a exposicao do aplicador a calda de agrotoxico, durante pulverizacao na cultura da videira, com 4 diferentes pulverizadores. Os equipamentos avaliados foram um pulverizador semi-estacionario tipico, um pulverizador de barras adaptado a uma barra semi-circular com os bicos voltados para cima, um turbopulverizador marca Hatsuta modelo cafe, com sistema de turbina adaptado para utilizacao na cultura da uva, e um turbo-pulverizador marca KO, modelo Jales, regulados pelos produtores. Para avaliacao da exposicao dermica potencial (EDP) amostradores foram distribuidos sobre 22 partes do corpo do aplicador, que pulverizou uma calda contendo 3000 ppm do cation Cu+2 durante 35 a 40 min. Em laboratorio o Cu+2 foi recuperado e quantificado e a exposicao calculada em funcao da concentracao do cation na calda. O pulverizador semi-estacionario proporcionou a maior EDP, seguido pela barra, turbo adaptado e pelo turbo original. A porcentagem do volume pulverizado que atinge o corpo do aplicador num mesmo periodo de tempo, foi mais que 89 vezes maior para o semi-estacionario, quando comparado ao turbo Jales e a barra adaptada, e 44 vezes maior quando comparado ao turbo adaptado. As areas mais expostas do corpo foram maos, cabeca e dorso para os tratorizados e a EDP foi alta em praticamente todas as regioes do corpo com o semi-estacionario. Aspectos da EDP em funcao do equipamento e da forma de utilizacao sao discutidos.

Protective clothing for pesticide: Development of a database to validate ISO 27065 test chemical

An ISO performance standard dedicated to protective clothing for operators handling plant protection products was published in 2011. The standard requires measuring penetration through fabrics with a test chemical representative of plant protection product with the highest penetration. In Europe, the EC Regulation No 1107/2009 requires data to substantiate that the protective clothing specified on plant protection product label provides adequate protection against that product. This can be done by testing with the specific product or through extrapolation. A study was conducted to develop a database to better understand the penetration behavior of plant protection products through protective clothing compared to the reference test chemical for ISO 27065. The aim of the study was to determine whether testing with the reference test chemical for ISO 27065 is sufficient to serve as the basis for extrapolations. The study was also used to select a product to be used as the basis for the development of a surrogate, as the current ISO 27065 test chemical is planned to be changed. A fabric that met ISO 27065 Level C1 requirements was tested with ISO 27065 test chemical as well as 65 commercial plant protection products that represent a wide range of formulation types. A sub-set of 12 plant protection products was selected for further testing with two additional Level C1 fabrics. Based on the statistical analysis, formulation types, for which there is data in the database, could be used for extrapolation purposes. In addition, a reference product was selected as the basis for the development of a non-commercial surrogate test chemical.

Análise da pulverização de um fungicida na cultura do feijão, em função do tipo de ponta e do volume aplicado

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important crop in Brazilian agriculture. Fungi diseases are among the most restraining production factor. A test was performed aiming to analyze the spraying effect of fungicide based on nozzle type and application volume of a fungicide. The variety carioca FT-Bonito was planted in January/2001 on an experimental plot in Ponta Grossa, State of Parana. The active ingredient azoxystrobin was sprayed using a pressurized costal spray with CO2. The treatments were composed by two types of nozzles (fan and empty cone) and by two methods of volume determination (manufacturers recommendation and Leaf Area Index - LAI). The volume for the LAI method was defined by the proportionality with the maximum value of the related index, previously obtained in a greenhouse. The incidence productivity and disease severity were evaluated. The experimental design was plots with random blocks. The average values were compared by Tukey test while group of average values were compared by Scheffe test. The data showed that the treatment with fungicide was necessary for the Campos Gerais area, in the drought season harvest, mainly for the control of the angular leaf spot disease caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola. Different nozzle types showed no differences when using azoxystrobin. The volume sprayed could be calculated on the culture LAI basis, with economy of up to 69% of the application cost, in the test conditions.

Efeito do armazenamento da calda na eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em: I. pós-emergência

Diferentes tipos de pulverizadores sao utilizados para a aplicacao de herbicidas sendo que, em pequenas propriedades, e comum, por questoes economicas, a adaptacao de barras ou pistolas manuais a tanques de grande capacidade. Por outro lado, em grandes propriedades, e crescente a tendencia da substituicao do sistema tradicional de reabastecimento dos pulverizadores pelo sistema de calda pronta. Em ambos os casos, pode haver a necessidade de um armazenamento prolongado nos tanques ou no veiculo reabastecedor, principalmente na ocorrencia de periodos prolongados de chuva. Torna-se, portanto, importante a determinacao de periodos de tempo pelos quais as caldas de herbicidas possam ser armazenadas, sem que haja prejuizo a eficacia dos mesmos. O presente trabalho estudou os efeitos do tempo de armazenamento da calda sobre a eficacia de herbicidas aplicados em pos-emergencia. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com tres repeticoes, no ano agricola de 91/92, em Area da Fazenda Experimental da Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias da UNESP, municipio de Jaboticabal, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Avaliou-se as formulacoes comerciais de glyphosate, mistura pronta de glyphosate + 2,4?D, MSMA e paraquat com 00, 05, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias de armazenamento da calda, alem de uma testemunha, onde nao se efetuou a aplicacao de herbicidas. Foram realizadas avaliacoes visuais de controle, geral e por especie, aos 15, 31 e 46 dias apos a aplicacao e os resultados obtidos mostram que nenhum dos periodos de armazenamento testados interferiu significativamente na eficiencia dos herbicidas (teste de F a 5%), independente do produto utilizado e da epoca de avaliacao. Portanto, conclui-se que as caldas dos herbicidas testados puderam ser utilizadas normalmente, quando armazenadas por ate 30 dias.