Hee-Jung Ko

Composition comparison of PM 10 and PM 2.5 fine particulate matter for Asian dust and haze events of 2010-2011 at Gosan site in Jeju Island

Abstract: The PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples were collected at Gosan Site of Jeju Island, and analyzed, in orderto investigate the size distribution and pollution characteristics of their components. NH 4+ , nss-SO 42− , K + , andCH 3 COO − were mostly existed in fine particles. Meanwhile, NO 3− was distributed in both fine and coarseparticles, and Na + , Cl − , Mg 2+ , nss-Ca 2+ were rich in coarse particle mode. The concentrations of nss-Ca 2+ andNO 3− were increased 36.7 and 3.2 times in coarse particles, and 15.0 and 3.1 times in fine particles duringthe Asian Dust periods. Especially, the concentrations of crustal elemental species such as Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg,Ti, Mn, Sr, Ba were highly increased for those periods. In the haze events, the concentrations of secondaryair pollutants were increased 1.3~2.6 and 1.5~4.2 times in coarse and fine particles, respectively. Moreover,the remarkable increase of NO 3− concentration was also observed in fine particle mode. The factor analysisshowed that the composition of coarse particles was influenced mainly by marine sources, followed by soiland anthropogenic sources. On the other hand, the fine particles were influenced by anthropogenic sources,followed by marine and soil sources. 요약: 제주도 고산측정소에서 PM

Compositions of haze aerosols and their variation by inflow pathway of air mass at Gosan site in Jeju Island during 2012-2013

Abstract: The atmospheric aerosols of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island during 2012-2013. Their ionic and elemental species were analyzed in order to examine the composition variation of thehaze aerosols in accordance with the pathway of air mass. The concentrations of nss-SO 42− , NO 3− , and NH 4+ increased 2.1~3.7 times in coarse particle and 3.1~6.5 times in fine particle modes, respectively, showingespecially high NO 3− concentrations in fine particles during the haze days. The concentrations of S, Zn, Pband K increased 3.0~5.6 times in coarse particles and 3.2~7.7 times in fine particles during the haze days,on the other hand Al, Fe, and Ca concentrations were high only in coarse particles. Due to the back trajectoryanalysis, the concentrations of nss-SO 42− and NO 3− for haze days were high when the inflow pathway of airmass was from China, especially a high increase of NO 3− as through the south of China. The NO 3 /nss-SO 42 concentration ratio was relatively high in coarse mode as air mass inflow from China, but in fine mode itwas high as air mass passing through the Korean peninsula. 요약: 국내 배경지역인 제주도 고산측정소에서 2012~2013년에 대기 미세먼지를 채취하여 분석한 결과로부터 연무와 비현상일의 조성특성을 조사하였다. 연무 시 nss-SO

Long-term Variation of Ionic Constituent Concentrations in TSP at Jeju Island

The water-soluble components have been analyzed from the total suspended particulate (TSP) collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island for ten years (1997~2006), and the long-term variations of ionic constituent concentrations have been investigated in order to understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric aerosols. Their mean concentrations were in the order of nss- > > > > > nss- > > . The concentrations had increased somewhat smoothly compared to those of for the past 10 years, possibly indicating the recent energy consumption pattern changes in China. The concentrations of ionic aerosol components showed mostly higher values during the Asian Dust storm periods, and the concentration ratios of nss-, , and nss- between the Asian Dust and Non-Asian Dust periods were 6.9, 2.4, and 1.3, respectively. The anthropogenic nss-, , and the soil originated nss- components showed high concentrations as the air parcels were moved from the Asia continent, on the other hand, their concentrations were relatively low as moving from the Northern Pacific into the Gosan area.

Chemical Composition Characteristics of Size-fractionated Particles during Heavy Asian Dust Event in Spring, 2010

The size-fractionated aerosol samples have been collected at Gosan Site of Jeju Island during the spring season of 2010, in order to examine the chemical composition characteristics of the Asian Dust and Non-Asian Dust particles. The concentrations of , Al, and nss- in had tremendously increased during the heavy Asian Dust (March 20, 2010). The concentration ratios of Asian Dust to Non-Asian Dust for the soil species (nss-, , Al, Fe, Ti, Mn) were 12.2~30.7, meanwhile those for the anthropogenic species (nss-, , , , Zn, Pb, and Cu) were 2.9~7.8. During the heavy Asian Dust event, the concentration increase of in were much more apparent than those of nss- and , and the soil species (nss- and ) showed much higher concentration increase. The neutralization factor of was higher than that of . However, the neutralization factor of in was exceptionally high during the heavy Asian Dust, showing the evidence of heavy migration of soil particles. From the study for size fractionated particles, it was found that nss- and were mostly distributed in fine particle mode, on the other hand, existed evenly in both fine and coarse particle modes, and the soil species (nss-, Al, Fe, etc.) were mainly in the latter mode. During the heavy Asian Dust, in particular, the concentrations of , nss-, , Zn, and Pb had increased in coarse particle mode as well.

Composition and pollution characteristics of TSP, PM2.5 atmospheric aerosols at Gosan site, Jeju Island

TSP and PM2.5 atmospheric aerosols have been collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island, and their compositions were analyzed to understand the pollution characteristics. The composition ratios of nss (non-sea salt)- and were higher in Gosan site than those in other Korean background and urban sites. However the composition ratio of was conversely lower in Gosan site. From the study of aerosol components according to particle sizes, the anthropogenic nss-, and components were mostly existed in the fine particles. But the nss-, , and originated from soil and marine sources were distributed relatively in the coarse particles. In the seasonal comparison, the concentrations of nss-, Al, Fe, Ca and increased in spring season, and nss- showed higher concentration in summer and spring seasons. Based on the factor analysis, the atmospheric aerosols in Gosan site have been found to be influenced largely by anthropogenic sources, and next by marine and soil sources. The backward trajectory analyses showed that the concentrations of nss-, , Pb and nss- increased when the air mass moved from Chinese continent to Jeju area. On the other hand, their concentrations decreased when the air mass moved in from the North Pacific Ocean.

Variation of TSP Compositions in Accordance with the Pathways of Inflowing Air Mass at Jeju Island

The TSP aerosols were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island between 2003 and 2007, and their aerosol components were analyzed to examine the variations of chemical compositions with the corresponding pathways of inflowing air parcels. According to the comparison of seasonal aerosol compositions, the soil-originated components showed remarkably high concentrations during spring season. On the other hand, the concentrations of anthropogenic components were somewhat high in spring and summer seasons, but low in fall season. Based on the comparison of TSP compositions in relation to the pathways of inflowing air mass, the concentrations of anthropogenic components (nss-, S, ), soil-originated components (nss-, Al, Fe, Ca), and the heavy metals (e,g., Mn, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd, etc.) have relatively increased with the air mass moving from China continent into Jeju area. Meanwhile, the marine-originated components showed an increasing trend with the air mass coming from North Pacific Ocean. In the seasonal and sectional comparison, the nss-, , nss-, and Al showed comparatively high concentrations when the air mass moved from China continent during all seasons. Especially, the , nss-, and Al concentrations were somewhat high when the air mass moved from Korean Peninsula during summer season. It was also recognized that the Na+ concentration were high, when the air mass moved from Pacific Ocean through all seasons.

Background Level and Time Series Variation of Atmospheric Radon Concentrations at Gosan Site in Jeju Island

The background level and timely variation characteristics of atmospheric Rn concentrations have been evaluated by the real time monitoring at Gosan site of Jeju Island, Korea, during 2008~2015. The average concentration of atmospheric radon was 2,480 mBq m for the study period. The cyclic seasonality of radon was characterized such as winter maximum and summer minimum, consistent with the reduction in terrestrial fetch going to summer. On monthly variations of radon, the mean concentration in October was the highest as 3,041 mBq m, almost twice as that in July (1,481 mBq m). The diurnal radon concentrations increased throughout the nighttime approaching to the maximum (2,819 mBq m) at around 7 a.m., and then gradually decreased throughout the daytime by the minimum (2,069 mBq m) at around 3 p.m. The diurnal radon cycle in winter showed comparatively small amplitude due to little variability in atmospheric mixing depth, conversely, large amplitude was observed in summer due to relatively a big change in atmospheric mixing depth. The cluster back-trajectories of air masses showed that the high radon events occurred by the predominant continental fetch over through Asia continent, and the radon concentrations from China continent were about 1.9 times higher on the whole than those from the North Pacific Ocean. The concentrations of PM10 also increased in proportion to the high radon concentrations, showing a good linear correlation between PM10 and radon concentrations.

Time-series Variation of Atmospheric Radon Concentrations at Gosan Site, Jeju Island

The realtime monitoring of radon () concentrations has been carried out from Gosan site, Jeju Island for three years of 2006~2008, in order to evaluate the background level and timely variational characteristics of atmospheric radon. The mean concentration of radon measured during the studying period was with its annual mean values in the range of . The relative ordering of the seasonal mean concentrations was seemed to vary such as winter () > fall () > spring () > summer (). The monthly mean concentrations were in the order of Jan>Feb>Oct>Nov>Dec>Mar> Sep>Apr>May>Jun>Aug>Jul, so that the highest January value () exceeded almost twice as the July minimum (). The hourly concentrations in a day showed the highest level () at around 7 a.m., increasing during nighttime, while reaching the lowest () at around 3 p.m. From the backward trajectory analysis for a continental fetch of radon, the high concentrations (10%) of radon matched with the air mass moving from the Asia continent to Jeju area. In contrast, the low concentrations (10%) of radon were generally correlated with the air mass of the North Pacific Ocean. In comparison by sectional inflow pathways of air mass, the radon concentrations were relatively high from the north China and the Korean peninsula.

Variation Characteristics of TSP Ionic Compositions by Meteorological Phenomena in Jeju Island

The ionic compositions were analyzed from the TSP samples collected at Gosan site in Jeju Island between 2000 and 2008, in order to examine the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in accordance with the meteorological conditions. For the Asian Dust influence on the ionic compositions, the concentration ratios of , nss-, , and were about 1.2~2.3 during Asian Dust over Non-Asian Dust periods, noticeably that of nss- was 6.8. Meanwhile the concentrations of nss-, , and have increased as 1.8~4.4 times during the haze event periods, and 1.0~1.6 times during the fog and mist events. The ion balance has resulted that the anionic concentrations are relatively lower than the cationic concentrations, and the discrepancy appears more decidedly as a strong Asian Dust effect. The ammonium ion balance has shown that it exists as a mixture of and . The concentration ratios of nss- for Asian Dust, haze, fog-mist, and non-event periods were respectively 1.8, 5.9, 4.6, and 2.9, which were higher values compared to those in urban areas of China as well as other domestic regions. Especially, the high ratios of sulfur oxides could be presumed by the fact that the longrange transport of air pollutants from Asia continent might affect the atmospheric aerosols of Jeju Island.