Won-Hyung Kim

Composition comparison of PM 10 and PM 2.5 fine particulate matter for Asian dust and haze events of 2010-2011 at Gosan site in Jeju Island

Abstract: The PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples were collected at Gosan Site of Jeju Island, and analyzed, in orderto investigate the size distribution and pollution characteristics of their components. NH 4+ , nss-SO 42− , K + , andCH 3 COO − were mostly existed in fine particles. Meanwhile, NO 3− was distributed in both fine and coarseparticles, and Na + , Cl − , Mg 2+ , nss-Ca 2+ were rich in coarse particle mode. The concentrations of nss-Ca 2+ andNO 3− were increased 36.7 and 3.2 times in coarse particles, and 15.0 and 3.1 times in fine particles duringthe Asian Dust periods. Especially, the concentrations of crustal elemental species such as Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg,Ti, Mn, Sr, Ba were highly increased for those periods. In the haze events, the concentrations of secondaryair pollutants were increased 1.3~2.6 and 1.5~4.2 times in coarse and fine particles, respectively. Moreover,the remarkable increase of NO 3− concentration was also observed in fine particle mode. The factor analysisshowed that the composition of coarse particles was influenced mainly by marine sources, followed by soiland anthropogenic sources. On the other hand, the fine particles were influenced by anthropogenic sources,followed by marine and soil sources. 요약: 제주도 고산측정소에서 PM

Compositions of haze aerosols and their variation by inflow pathway of air mass at Gosan site in Jeju Island during 2012-2013

Abstract: The atmospheric aerosols of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island during 2012-2013. Their ionic and elemental species were analyzed in order to examine the composition variation of thehaze aerosols in accordance with the pathway of air mass. The concentrations of nss-SO 42− , NO 3− , and NH 4+ increased 2.1~3.7 times in coarse particle and 3.1~6.5 times in fine particle modes, respectively, showingespecially high NO 3− concentrations in fine particles during the haze days. The concentrations of S, Zn, Pband K increased 3.0~5.6 times in coarse particles and 3.2~7.7 times in fine particles during the haze days,on the other hand Al, Fe, and Ca concentrations were high only in coarse particles. Due to the back trajectoryanalysis, the concentrations of nss-SO 42− and NO 3− for haze days were high when the inflow pathway of airmass was from China, especially a high increase of NO 3− as through the south of China. The NO 3 /nss-SO 42 concentration ratio was relatively high in coarse mode as air mass inflow from China, but in fine mode itwas high as air mass passing through the Korean peninsula. 요약: 국내 배경지역인 제주도 고산측정소에서 2012~2013년에 대기 미세먼지를 채취하여 분석한 결과로부터 연무와 비현상일의 조성특성을 조사하였다. 연무 시 nss-SO

Acidification and Neutralization Characteristics of Atmospheric Fine Particles at Gosan Site of Jeju Island in 2008

The collection of and samples was made at Gosan site of Jeju Island. Their ionic compositions of both inorganic and organic phases were then analyzed to examine their acidification and neutralization characteristics in atmospheric aerosols. The mass concentrations of and at Gosan site were and , respectively, showing the content ratio of to as 61.0%. In the evaluation of ionic balance, the correlation coefficients (r) between the sums of cationic and anionic equivalent concentrations were excellent with 0.982 () and 0.991 (). The concentration ratios of derived for nss-, , and were 0.94, 0.56, and 1.02, respectively, indicating the relative dominance of fine fractions. The acidifying capacity of inorganic anions ( and ) in and were 96.5% and 97.3%, while those of organic anions ( and ) in each fraction were 2.9% and 2.0%, respectively. On the other hand, the neutralizing capacity of and by were 72.8% and 82.3%, while their counter parts were 22.5% and 13.3%, respectively.

Long-term Variation of Ionic Constituent Concentrations in TSP at Jeju Island

The water-soluble components have been analyzed from the total suspended particulate (TSP) collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island for ten years (1997~2006), and the long-term variations of ionic constituent concentrations have been investigated in order to understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric aerosols. Their mean concentrations were in the order of nss- > > > > > nss- > > . The concentrations had increased somewhat smoothly compared to those of for the past 10 years, possibly indicating the recent energy consumption pattern changes in China. The concentrations of ionic aerosol components showed mostly higher values during the Asian Dust storm periods, and the concentration ratios of nss-, , and nss- between the Asian Dust and Non-Asian Dust periods were 6.9, 2.4, and 1.3, respectively. The anthropogenic nss-, , and the soil originated nss- components showed high concentrations as the air parcels were moved from the Asia continent, on the other hand, their concentrations were relatively low as moving from the Northern Pacific into the Gosan area.

PAHs Concentrations of PM 10 in Seoul Metropolitan Area

The concentrations of PAHs in fine particles were determined at two sites, which were Jongno, one of the urban core sites of Seoul, and Yongin, a downwind site of Seoul. The average concentration of PAHs in was with the range of at Jongno site of Seoul from August 2006 to August 2007, and with the range of at Yongin site from September to November of 2006. In the results of monthly comparison, the concentration of PAHs in August was the lowest level of , but the highest level of in January. The seasonal comparison showed the concentration in winter was higher by the factor of 11.9 than in summer. The concentrations of PAHs during a warm period (NovemberMarch) increased as 5.1 times higher than those during a cold period (AprilOctober). The concentrations of PAHs were assumed to be largely attributed to the consumption of fossil fuels, temperature, mixing height, and photochemical reactions in Seoul metropolitan area.

Chemical Composition Characteristics of Size-fractionated Particles during Heavy Asian Dust Event in Spring, 2010

The size-fractionated aerosol samples have been collected at Gosan Site of Jeju Island during the spring season of 2010, in order to examine the chemical composition characteristics of the Asian Dust and Non-Asian Dust particles. The concentrations of , Al, and nss- in had tremendously increased during the heavy Asian Dust (March 20, 2010). The concentration ratios of Asian Dust to Non-Asian Dust for the soil species (nss-, , Al, Fe, Ti, Mn) were 12.2~30.7, meanwhile those for the anthropogenic species (nss-, , , , Zn, Pb, and Cu) were 2.9~7.8. During the heavy Asian Dust event, the concentration increase of in were much more apparent than those of nss- and , and the soil species (nss- and ) showed much higher concentration increase. The neutralization factor of was higher than that of . However, the neutralization factor of in was exceptionally high during the heavy Asian Dust, showing the evidence of heavy migration of soil particles. From the study for size fractionated particles, it was found that nss- and were mostly distributed in fine particle mode, on the other hand, existed evenly in both fine and coarse particle modes, and the soil species (nss-, Al, Fe, etc.) were mainly in the latter mode. During the heavy Asian Dust, in particular, the concentrations of , nss-, , Zn, and Pb had increased in coarse particle mode as well.

Variation of TSP Compositions in Accordance with the Pathways of Inflowing Air Mass at Jeju Island

The TSP aerosols were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island between 2003 and 2007, and their aerosol components were analyzed to examine the variations of chemical compositions with the corresponding pathways of inflowing air parcels. According to the comparison of seasonal aerosol compositions, the soil-originated components showed remarkably high concentrations during spring season. On the other hand, the concentrations of anthropogenic components were somewhat high in spring and summer seasons, but low in fall season. Based on the comparison of TSP compositions in relation to the pathways of inflowing air mass, the concentrations of anthropogenic components (nss-, S, ), soil-originated components (nss-, Al, Fe, Ca), and the heavy metals (e,g., Mn, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd, etc.) have relatively increased with the air mass moving from China continent into Jeju area. Meanwhile, the marine-originated components showed an increasing trend with the air mass coming from North Pacific Ocean. In the seasonal and sectional comparison, the nss-, , nss-, and Al showed comparatively high concentrations when the air mass moved from China continent during all seasons. Especially, the , nss-, and Al concentrations were somewhat high when the air mass moved from Korean Peninsula during summer season. It was also recognized that the Na+ concentration were high, when the air mass moved from Pacific Ocean through all seasons.

Influences of Asian Dust, Haze, and Mist Events on Chemical Compositions of Fine Particulate Matters at Gosan Site, Jeju Island in 2014

In order to examine the variation characteristics of chemical compositions in accordance with the different meteorological conditions, PM10 and PM2.5 were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island in 2014, and then their ionic and elemental species were analyzed. The concentrations of nss-SO4 and NH4 were respectively 4.3 and 3.3 times higher in fine particle mode (PM2.5) compared to coarse particle mode (PM10-2.5), however NO3concentration was 1.6 times higher in coarse mode compared to fine particle mode. During Asian dust days, the concentrations of nssCa and NO3increased highly as 7.7 and 4.5 times in coarse particle mode, and 3.0 and 4.9 times higher in fine particles, respectively. Especially, the concentrations of the crustal species (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mn, Ba, Sr, etc.) indicated a noticeable increase during the Asian dust days. For the haze days, the concentrations of secondary pollutants increased 2.2~2.7 and 2.9~6.0 times in coarse and fine particles, respectively, and they were 0.8~1.1 and 1.8~2.4 times, respectively, during the mist days. The aerosols were acidified largely by sulfuric and nitric acids, and neutralized mainly by ammonia in fine particle mode during the haze days, but neutralized by calcium carbonate in coarse particle mode during the Asian dust days. The clustered back trajectory analysis showed that the concentrations of nss-SO4, NO3-, and NH4 + were relatively high when the inflow pathway of air mass was from the southern part of China.

Pollution Characteristics of Rainwater at Jeju Island during 2009~2010

The collection of rainwater samples was made at Jeju area during 2009~2010, and the major ionic species were analyzed. In the comparison of ion balance, conductivity, and acid fraction for the validation of analytical data, the correlation coefficients showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.966~0.990. The volume-weighted mean pH and electric conductivity were 4.9 and 17.8 μS/cm, respectively, at the Jeju area. The volume-weighted mean concentrations of ionic species in rainwater were in the order of Cl¤Na¤nss-SO4 2¤NH4 + ¤NO3 ¤Mg ¤H¤nss-Ca¤HCOO¤K¤PO4 3¤CH3COO ¤NO2 ¤F¤HCO3 ¤CH3SO3 . The ionic strength of rainwater was 0.26±0.21 mM during the study period. The composition ratios of ionic species were such as 50.1% for the marine sources (Na, Mg, Cl), 30.9% for the anthropogenic sources (NH4 , nss-SO4 , NO3 ), and 4.7% for the soil source (nss-Ca), and 3.1% for organic acids (HCOO, CH3COO ). From the seasonal comparison, the concentrations of NO3 , nss-Ca, and nss-SO4 2increased in winter and spring seasons, indicating a reasonable possibility of long range transport from Asia continent. Especially, the acidifying contributions by major inorganic acids (nss-SO4 2and NO3 ) and organic acids (HCOO and CH3COO ) were 87.6% and 12.4%, respectively. In comparison by sectional inflow pathway of air mass during the rainy sampling days, the concentrations of nss-SO4 2and NO3 were relatively high when the air mass was moved from the China continent into Jeju area.

Real-time monitoring of radon background level at Gosan site, Jeju Island

The real-time monitoring of radon () concentrations has been carried out to evaluate the background concentration level of atmospheric radon in Gosan site, Jeju Island. The mean concentration of radon for the recent 10 years was 2831 (0.077 pCi/L), which was 19.5 time lower than that of indoor radon in Korea. The seasonal concentrations were 2657, 2071, 3249, 3384 respectively for spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons. In monthly comparison, the radon concentrations were high in October and low in July. The hourly concentrations have increased during the nighttime, showing 3666 at 7 a.m., and decreased relatively during the daytime, showing 2755 at 2~3 p.m. From the back trajectory analysis, the radon concentrations showed higher values when the air mass was moved from the Asia continent to Jeju area, on the other hand, it showed low values when it was moved from the North Pacific Ocean.