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Mortality | 2001

A Postmodern Culture of Grief? On Individualization of Mourning in Germany

Heidemarie Winkel

There have been remarkable changes in the culture of mourning in Germany. Grief aid and grief counselling have been institutionalized in many ways. Thus we face a neo-institutionalization of mourning and funeral culture at a formal, organizational level. A heterogeneous cultural subsystem of self-help groups, with and without professional guidance, counselling centres, workshops and seminars ranging from life aid to death education, has been established during the past 20 years. The question is to what extent can this be described as the development of a new culture of mourning? Do we really face a break with the cultural basics of modern, Western societies as increasingly assumed? Basically the supposed change is described as emerging from a so-called postmodern culture. Its characteristics are a higher quota of self-determination and consideration of individual interests instead of following technical guidelines. My hypothesis is that the quintessence of modern mourning culture is its individualization. But individualization of mourning already had its substructures in the 19th century: how to express grief is part of a civic culture based on private emotionality. The emotionalization of mourning was the basis for the re-institutionalization of mourning on a symbolic level. Even today a complex of reciprocal, socially established expectations defines mourning as a specific emotion of sorrow and grief. This process is generated within the new organizations for death aid and grief counselling. Thus the present changes are not the result of a break with modern culture.


Archive | 2005

Reden ist aber gerade das Entscheidende....

Heidemarie Winkel

Trauernde verweisen immer wieder darauf, dass „ihnen ihre [...] Umgebung versagt, [...] trauern, klagen, weinen zu durfen“(Voss-Eiser 1993: 169). „Wie oft wurde uns signalisiert, dass man besser nicht uber Tod und Trauer reden sollte und noch immer stose ich oft auf Unverstandnis, wenn ich offen uber unsere Tochter rede“, resumiert eine Frau ihre Erfahrungen.2 Die Praxis der Trauerbegleitung bestatigt dies. Trauernde konnen kaum mit Verstandnis fur ihre emotionale Erschutterung und Zerrissenheit rechnen (Fredman 2001).


Handbuch Religionssoziologie | 2018

Religion und Geschlecht

Heidemarie Winkel

Der Beitrag verfolgt, wie innerhalb der Religionssoziologie mit der Kategorie Geschlecht gearbeitet wird. Hierzu werden zentrale Entwicklungslinien geschlechtertheoretisch fundierter Religionssoziologie und ihrer Gegenstandsbereiche nachgezeichnet. Einsichten aus unterschiedlichen Religionen und gesellschaftlichen Kontexten werden einbezogen. Aufgrund der Vielfaltigkeit des Gegenstandsbereichs erfolgt eine Beschrankung auf ausgewahlte empirische Resultate, mit Hilfe derer sich zentrale theoretische Aspekte einer genderbasierten Analyse von Religion verdeutlichen lassen. Es zeigt sich, dass die theoretische Bearbeitung empirisch drangender Fragen mit Entwicklungen in der Geschlechtersoziologie korrespondiert, inklusive aktueller Weiterentwicklungen in Richtung Queer, Men’s und Sexuality Studies. Zu Beginn wurde Geschlecht vor allem als Struktur- und Ungleichheitskategorie relevant gemacht; dies schliest die Ebene religioser Organisationen und die Vergeschlechtlichung religioser Institutionen ein. Ein zweiter Zugang beschaftigt sich mit der Relevanz von Geschlecht als kulturelles Regelsystem und als Wissenskategorie; ein Schwerpunkt liegt hier auf der religiosen Symbolisierung von Sexualitat und Weiblichkeit, und aktuell vermehrt auf dem Wandel religiosen Geschlechterwissens. Ein dritter analytischer Zugriff richtet sich auf die Mikroebene, also auf Fragen religioser Identitat und Lebensfuhrung. Im Fokus steht die alltagliche Handlungspraxis religioser Akteur_innen in unterschiedlichen Kontexten und Religionen zu verschiedenen historischen Zeitpunkten. Hiermit verbindet sich ein verstarktes Interesse an den Bedingungen und Formen des Wandels religioser Geschlechterverhaltnisse als sozio-kulturell und historisch eingebetteten Entwicklungspfaden. Der Artikel zielt damit insgesamt auf ein vertieftes Verstandnis der weltweiten Pluralitat religioser Geschlechterverhaltnisse, eingedenk der Zentriertheit bisheriger Religionssoziologie auf europaische Verhaltnisse.


Archive | 2017

Religion soziologisch denken

Kornelia Sammet; Heidemarie Winkel

Weltweiter gesellschaftlicher, und insbesondere religioser Wandel bringt neue Herausforderungen fur religionssoziologisches Denken und Forschen mit sich (Clarke 2009). In europaischen Gesellschaften lassen sich beispielsweise zunehmend Prozesse religioser Pluralisierung, also der Vervielfaltigung religioser Glaubensinhalte, Angebote und Gruppierungen beobachten.


Geschlechtliche Ungleichheit in systemtheoretischer Perspektive | 2007

Religion, Inklusion und Geschlechterungleichheit: Zur Kommunizierung des Geschlechterverhältnisses in Mission und Ökumene

Heidemarie Winkel

Als die Kongregation fur die Glaubenslehre des Vatikans 2004 in Reaktion auf einige, nicht naher benannte „feministische DenkstrOmungen“ ein Schreiben zur „Zusammenarbeit von Mann und Frau in der Kirche und in der Welt“ verOffentlichte, gab es zahlreiche Reaktionen auf die darin enthaltenen auserungen „uber die Wurde der Frau, [...] ihre Rechte und Pflichten“ (Kongregation fur die Glaubenslehre 2004: 1). Der Vorsitzende der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz, (2004: lf), stellt fest, dass die Grundthese des Schreibens von der wesensbedingten Verschiedenheit der Geschlechter und dem daraus abgeleiteten Vorbehalt der Ordination fur Manner ,glicht ganz neu“ sei und „wie eine grundlegende Herausforderung“ gelesen werden kOnne.


Mortality | 2000

Exhibition Reviews Körperwelten. Die Faszination des Echten. (Body worlds - insights into the human body)

Heidemarie Winkel

Since the end of the 1970s, the German anatomist Gunter von Hagens has developed a new method of preservation called plastination. Within a vacuum process water and liquids in biological tissues are replaced by curable polymers, e.g. silicone rubber. In this way the corpse, which normally shrinks, keeps its original surface relief and cellular identity. Furthermore, the plastinates retain a lifelike condition. After some extremely successful exhibitions abroadÐ for example, 2.5 million visitors in JapanÐ a second exhibition took place in Germany, within the old city of Cologne, between February and July 2000. Two hundred objects were shown in a specially built exhibition hall. The ® rst display in Mannheim (1997) had already upset the public media in Germany. In particular, the local church communities had protested vehemently against it as undigni® ed both in the treatment of the dead and towards the feelings of visitors. On this second occasion in Cologne, there was a volley of reproaches about harming the dignity of human beings, approaching voyeurism (Ulrich Fischer, Catalogue, pp. 229± 234). It is indeed the encounter with real bodies which is at once fascinating and puzzling. Not only are whole-body specimens on display in vital attitudes close to life, but individual organs and slices of the body. You can see pro® les of a heart, of a cancerous liver or of a smoker’ s lung; and you can peer inside the structure of twenty whole bodies. With some exhibits the skin has been peeled off to show the muscles of the locomotive system or the whole extent of the cardiovascular system; with others the skin is just moved aside and the organs or the skeletons are sliced. Some people will perhaps be frightened away as a ® rst reaction on seeing the uterus of a pregnant woman or seeing these strong and serious looking faces with their eyes wide open. But in general it seems to me that the observer is invited to a careful consideration, maybe even to a kind of meditation. The preparations remind me in a convenient manner of the reality beyond consumer stereotypes and beyond the ideal of everlasting beauty and youth. This is not only a pleasing idea behind the exhibition, but the plastinates themselves are pleasing to the eye, because in a special way they really are artistically plastinated, as von Hagens himself likes to emphasise:


Archive | 2017

Religionssoziologie jenseits des methodologischen Säkularismus

Heidemarie Winkel

Der Beitrag beschaftigt sich im Anschluss an den multiple und denentangledmodernitiesapproach damit, wie die weltweite Vielfalt religioser Wirklichkeiten als multiple religiosities konzeptionell erfasst werden kann. Symbolische Kontinuitat religioser Sinnmuster– etwa in Form religioser Wissensformen– wird hierzu nicht als Residualkategorie unvollstandiger Modernisierungsprozesseverstanden, sondern Religion wird als im kulturellen Sinnhorizont verankertes Elementeingefuhrt, das sozialen Wandel als solches uberdauern und symbolisch weiterhin relevant sein kann. Dies wird exemplarisch am Beispiel arabischer Reformdebatten diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass sich modernes arabisches Denken nicht als eindeutige Grenzziehung zwischen sakularen Ideologien einerseits und einem (antisakularen) Islamismus andererseits erfassen lasst. Im Hintergrund steht die Annahme, dass das Sakularisierungskonzept in kultur- und ideengeschichtlicher Hinsicht partikular ist. Diese Partikularitat verdichtet sich in einem spezifischen epistemischen Schema. Es besteht in der Fokussierung auf Prozesse der Trennung und Grenzziehung, in diesem Fall von Religiosem und Nicht-Religiosem. In der Folge wird der Variantenreichtum religioser Wirklichkeit weltweit potentiell aus der Perspektive von Sakularisierung, Grenzziehung und Trennung rekonstruiert und hierauf reduziert, wobei Religion zu einer irritierenden Restgrose wird.


European Societies | 2017

The social dynamics of religion in the public domain

Heidemarie Winkel; Gladys Ganiel

For decades, secularization theories have dominated the sociology of religion across Europe. The early theorists of secularization have been muchcriticized for predicting that religion would decline to the point of disappearance or irrelevance. In 1968 Peter Berger told theNew York Times that by ‘the twenty-first century, religious believers are likely to be found only in small sects, huddled together to resist a worldwide secular culture’ (quoted in Stark 1999: 250). It is well known that Berger (2014) has reversed his analysis, and now argues that pluralization rather than secularization better explains the social dynamics of religion in contemporary societies. Berger identifies two pluralisms: religious pluralism, and the pluralism of religious and secular coexistence, which combine to ‘result in an overall intensification of pluralism, not least in the individual mind’ (Woodhead 2016: 41). But the pluralization of religion has also been public: religion, in various institutional forms, is inescapably part of the public domain in Europe and throughout the world. As a consequence, religion is perceived by many as a source of sociopolitical division, in particular in the case of Islam (Pollack et al. 2014). In contrast, Göle (2016) succeeds in bringing sober, unemotional arguments into the debate. On the basis of rich data from 21 European cities she makes ordinary Muslim everyday life visible – including new forms of coexistence. She does not neglect conflicts, but examines them also in light of how Muslims have been dehumanized. Against this background it is sometimes forgotten that the pluralization of religion has also prompted questions about the social dynamics of religion in public domains beyond Islam. So, for example, Davie (2015: 205) identifies a ‘paradox’ that while active membership has declined in churches, in Britain and in other European contexts this has happened ‘alongside the growing significance of religion in public – and therefore political –


AG About Gender - Rivista internazionale di studi di genere | 2016

Culture, Gender, and Traditional Authority: A Sociological Approach on Power Relations in Middle Eastern Churches

Heidemarie Winkel

Women’s limited access to top positions has become of particular interest in the last two decades. A small number of studies bring institutional barriers, attitudes and values in Arab countries into focus. Mostly they emphasize a functionalist perspective of religion as a structural principle; notably Islam is seen as a prevailing, if not as the foremost symbolic resource in Arab societies. Without neglecting the social relevance of religion in the Middle East, for example as an instrument of power maintenance, this article questions the notion of religion as an all-encompassing cultural value pool. Instead, culture is introduced as a pivotal frame of meaning providing individual action and thinking with basic orientation. I assume that these meaning patterns shape the forms of religious participation and leadership, the basis of their legitimacy as well as the direction of their transformation. This will be sketched by means of Arab Christian women in selected Middle Eastern countries. The central question is which meaning patterns are shaping the power structures in the religious field of Middle Eastern societies and how far do they leave a margin for a change of its gendered constitution? The article discusses this by means of Christian women’s religious authority in Middle Eastern churches. This will be done against the background of a qualitative data. This material sheds light on the generative principles of social interpretation and cognition in the religious sub-segment of Middle Eastern churches including culturally framed notions of religious authority and spiritual leadership. Like in Islam, this religious segment is contingent on a specific power structure between the institutionalized theological leaders and the community. Nevertheless, I suppose that Arab Christian women have started to challenge the institutionalised system of power relations. The hypothesis is that a critical reconstruction of gender inequality is invented precisely through the lens of the dominant web of meaning. While these orientation patterns ensure social coherence, they simultaneously form the cognitive background for a challenge of authority structures. They are the starting point for women’s growing aspirations towards participation in religious leadership. Keywords : Arab modernity, gender hierarchy, power relations, religion


Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research | 2008

Trauer als Biographiegenerator

Heidemarie Winkel

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