Heloisa Lee Burnquist

The Impact of Regulatory Heterogeneity on Agri-food Trade

We estimate the impact of regulatory heterogeneity on agri-food trade using a gravity analysis that relies on detailed data on non-tariff measures (NTMs) collected by the NTM-Impact project. The data cover a broad range of import requirements for agricultural and food products for the EU and nine of its major trade partners. We find that trade is significantly reduced when importing countries have stricter maximum residue limits (MRLs) for plant products than exporting countries. For most other measures, due to their qualitative nature, we were unable to infer whether the importer has stricter standards relative to the exporter, and we do not find a robust relationship between these measures and trade. Our findings suggest that, at least for some import standards, harmonising regulations will increase trade. We also conclude that tariff reductions remain an effective means to increase trade even when NTMs abound.

Facilitação de comércio e impactos sobre o comércio bilateral

This work evaluates the effects of trade facilitation, defined as the simplification of border procedures, upon bilateral trade for a set of 43 countries, including Brazil and some of the countrys major trade partners. For that purpose, two indexes related to simplification of border procedures were constructed for the selected countries: an index about simplification of export procedures and other about simplification of import procedures. A gravity model is used to estimate the relationship between these indexes and the trade pattern between the countries. The results suggest that improvements in trade facilitation lead to higher indexes of trade simplification indexes which may stimulate bilateral trade within the countries.

Impacto de alterações nas exportações de açúcar e álcool nas regiões Centro-Sul e Norte-Nordeste sobre a economia do Brasil

This paper estimates the impact of an increase in Brazilian sugar and ethanol demand for exports upon the countries’ overall production and employment. The impacts were simulated considering each of the major cane producing areas of the country (Center-South and North-Northeast). An inter-regional input-output matrix for the Brazilian economy was used for that purpose. It was observed that a demand shock, resulting from an expansion of sugar exports presented an impact of greater magnitude upon the countries’ production and em-ployment when compared to the impact from an increase in ethanol. In addition, the results indicated that when the impact is generated at the North-Northeastern Brazil, production and employment is more affected than when it begins at the Center-South region of the country. The result of how the economic benefits are propagated, is important to identify policies and establish targets for regional production.

Análise de evidências sobre a importância de barreiras técnicas à exportação de empresas brasileiras

This article presents results of a survey applied to Brazilian exporting firms to obtain primary data, which are subject to a statistical analysis about the relative importance attributed to technical barriers to trade. The methodological procedure used consisted in non parametric tests The firms that collaborated with the analysis indicated that technical barriers effects upon exports are relatively more important than tariff barriers, other non tariff barriers, taxes and international marketing costs. Factors such as price, external demand and transport costs seemed to be more important than technical requirements. Within the technical requirements, quality seemed to be what has most influence upon exports. In addition, different types of requirements present different impacts within the sectors evaluated.

O subsídio cruzado às exportações de açúcar da União Européia: impacto sobre as exportações brasileiras de açúcar

Este trabalho apresenta e discute um procedimento para quantificar os efeitos dos subsidios cruzados auferidos pelas exportacoes de acucar refinado da Uniao Europeia (UE) sobre a exportacao brasileira de acucar. Estimou-se, a principio, o impacto do subsidio sobre o preco ao qual o acucar refinado e exportado pela UE. Esse efeito-preco foi associado a elasticidade-preco cruzada da demanda de importacao de acucar. A seguir, procedeu-se a simulacao da eliminacao do subsidio ao acucar na Uniao Europeia para estimar o impacto dessa mudanca sobre a demanda de importacao pelo acucar brasileiro refinado. Essa demanda de importacao foi limitada, no entanto, apenas aos mercados comuns ao Brasil e a EU, durante o periodo da analise. Esse impacto foi desagregado em termos das principais regioes produtoras do Pais, tendo-se verificado que o incremento pela importacao do acucar da regiao Centro-Sul do Brasil seria bem mais expressivo, da ordem de seis vezes superior ao estimado para a regiao Norte-Nordeste.

Relations of the regional Brazilian cane agro-industry with the national economy: analysis applied to the Centre-South and North-Northeast

Cane, sugar and ethanol production in Brazil has been divided between two major production regions, the Centre-South (CS) and the North-Northeast (NNE), which present very different productivity, and henceforth production costs. The CS average productivity is more than 72 tonnes of cane per hectare, while average productivity in the NNE is 49 tonnes per hectare. The objective of the study was to establish interrelations between the cane agro-industry and other regional sectors and with the overall Brazilian economy. This framework was used to compare a demand impact upon regional cane production upon the regional and the overall Brazilian economy. An interregional input–output matrix was used to characterize how regional demand impacts on both regional and overall Brazilian economies. Rasmussen–Hirschman indexes, together with a pure linkage index were used for the analysis. In addition, production multipliers, with and without considering endogenous family consumption were estimated. The results showed that a positive demand impact upon the cane agro-industry produces a greater impact upon the NNE compared to the CS, considering income effects, indicating that cane production is more important for the NNE than for the CS. These results can be useful to establish priorities for development policies for the country.

Impactos da facilitação de comércio: evidências do modelo gravitacional

This study evaluates the effects of trade facilitation upon bilateral trade pattern between a set of countries including Brazil and some of its major partners. Variables associated to trade facilitation are used to construct three indexes of facilitation for each country of the sample: two indexes of import facilitation and one for facilitating exports. The relation of these indexes with the pattern of bilateral trade is estimated using a gravity model constructed with bilateral trade data within the countries. The results indicate that the degree of facilitation when considering the countries either as importer or exporter is an important determinant of the international trade pattern.

Impacts of Changes in Regional Sugar and Ethanol Exports Upon Brazilian Overall Economy

This paper estimates the impact of an increase in Brazilian sugar and ethanol demand for exports upon the countries’ overall production and employment. The impacts were simulated considering each of the major cane producing areas of the country (Center-South and North-Northeast). An inter-regional input-output matrix for the Brazilian economy was used for that purpose. It was observed that a demand shock, resulting from an expansion of sugar exports presented an impact of greater magnitude upon the countries’ production and employment when compared to the impact from an increase in ethanol. In addition, the results indicated that when the impact is generated at the North-Northeastern Brazil, production and employment is more affected than when it begins at the Center-South region of the country. The result of how the economic benefits are propagated, is important to identify policies and establish targets for regional production.

Relations of the Regional Cane Agroindustry with the National Economy: Analysis Applied to the Center-South and North-Northeast

A method is provided. The method includes one or more of removing one or more existing ball bonds from an extracted die, reconditioning die pads of the extracted die to create a reconditioned die, securing the reconditioned die within a cavity of a new package base, providing a plurality of bond connections interconnecting the reconditioned die pads and package leads or downbonds of the new package base, applying an encapsulating compound over the reconditioned die and the plurality of bond connections to create an assembled package base, and securing a lid to the new package base. Reconditioning includes applying a plurality of metallic layers to the die pads of the extracted die, the extracted die including a fully functional semiconductor die removed from a previous package. The encapsulating compound is configured to exhibit low thermal expansion.

Lar “Doce” Lar: uma análise do consumo de açúcar e de produtos relacionados no Brasil

This study evaluates the consumption characteristics of sugar and products containing sugar based on data from the Brazilian Family Budget Surveys carried out in 2002/03 and 2008/09. The methodological approach consists in estimating the income elasticities, as proposed by Hoffmann (1983, 2010), to capture changes in elasticities as income varies. The results show a significant reduction in per capita consumption and expenditure with crystal and refined sugar in the period, while the consumption of sugar through products containing sugar has increased. In addition, the income elasticity estimated for industrial products was much higher than for sugar, suggesting that there is a growing preference for industrial products as income increases.