Hiroo Kaku

Effects of a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 selective inhibitor, ipragliflozin, on the diurnal profile of plasma glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A study using continuous glucose monitoring

To assess the effects of sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor therapy on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

IL‐18 gene polymorphism confers susceptibility to the development of anti‐GAD65 antibody in Graves’ disease

Aims  This study aimed to investigate whether interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) gene polymorphisms are associated with the development of antibody against the 65‐kDa isoform of recombinant human glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65Ab) in patients with Graves’ disease.

Anorexigenic effects of miglitol in concert with the alterations of gut hormone secretion and gastric emptying in healthy subjects.

Although the α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol (MG) has been reported to have anorexigenic effects, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of MG on appetite in relation to concomitant changes in postprandial gut hormone levels. This randomized open-label crossover study included 20 healthy volunteers. The effects of 50 mg MG on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin levels were assessed in conjunction with a simultaneous determination of appetite scores using visual analogue scales (VAS) over 3 h after the ingestion of a 592 kcal test cookie. Additionally, the gastric emptying rate (GER) was measured using breath ¹³CO₂ appearance in 10 subjects. 12 subjects were administered 50 mg MG thrice a day for 1 week, and alterations of the gut hormone levels and the VAS scores for appetite were evaluated. MG pre-administration resulted in a significant enhancement of GLP-1 and PYY responses induced by the cookie ingestion. Following MG administration, ghrelin level declined at 1 h, with a persistent suppression during the postprandial phase in contrast to the restoration to the basal level without MG. Furthermore, MG pre-administration suppressed appetite and maintained satiety evaluated using a VAS rating with concomitant inhibition of GER after cookie ingestion. One-week administration of MG did not influence either gut hormone levels before a meal or VAS rating during a whole day. These observations suggest that MG exerts an anorexigenic effects with concomitant alterations of gut hormone secretions and gastric emptying after meal ingestion.

Distinct pharmacodynamics of insulin glargine and insulin detemir: Crossover comparison in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients on basal-bolus regimen

We compared blood glucose profile when glargine or detemir was injected once daily before dinner in combination with pre-meal insulin lispro by a crossover design. Glargine showed lower post-dinner and bedtime glucose levels in Type 1 diabetes, and lower pre-dinner and post-dinner glucose levels in Type 2 diabetes than detemir.