Huma Rizwana

Management of Different Dairy Production Systems in Sindh

The study of management of different dairy production system in Sindh was conducted in randomly selected from three zones consisting of nine districts of Sindh province of Pakistan. The data was collected from central zone consisting of three districts (Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Shaheed Benazirabad) in 2005-06, from upper zone (districts i.e. Larkana, Sukkur and Shikarpur) in 2006-07, and from lower Sindh zone(Karachi, Thatta and Badin) in years 2007-08. The educational status indicated that the graduate dairy farmers were significantly (P<0.05) high (21.11%) at urban dairy farming systems compared to peri-urban, rural market oriented, rural subsistence and mixed dairy farming systems. The results shows that urban and peri urban farming mostly was operated by ≥ 40 years of age group but under, rural market oriented , rural subsistence and mixed dairy farming ≥50 years of age group. The average herd size of urban dairy farming system was (52.67 animals per farm) higher as compare to peri-urban, rural market oriented, mixed and rural subsistence dairy farming system in upper zone. In central zone the results showed that the average herd size of peri-urban dairy farming system was significantly (100.00/farm) higher followed by other farming systems. The average herd size under urban dairy farming system in lower zone observed significantly (P<0.05) high (167.00/farm) as compared to other dairy farming systems. The overall average annual inventories at the beginning of the year urban, peri-urban, rural market oriented, rural subsistence and mixed farming were 129049, 82920, 74634, 35300 and 46658 rupees, respectively and averaging 73712 rupees. The total cost were relatively higher Rs.64506 per animal under urban farming, and the lowest total costs of Rs.31884 per animal were noted under mixed farming system. The total income generated by operators of urban dairy farms in nine districts were recorded high followed by peri-urban, rural market oriented, rural subsistence and mixed dairy farming system. It was observed that from the results that the cost: benefit ratio was significantly higher 1:0.47 under mixed farming system, followed by rural market oriented farming with average cost benefit ratio of 1:0.44. However, the cost benefit ratio under peri-urban, urban, rural subsistence dairy farming systems was 1:0.42, 1:0.36 and 1: 0.34 respectively. The results indicated that the capital turnover was higher 5.66 in case of urban farming indicating that the entrepreneur of urban dairy farming system will recoup their capital investment in 5.66 years, while the capital turnover of peri urban, rural subsistence, rural market oriented and mixed dairy farming systems was 4.33, 4.25, 3.82 and 3.72 indicates that they will recoup their capital investment in 4.33, 4.25 and 3.82 years, respectively. However, the entrepreneurs of mixed farming system will recoup their capital investment in 3.72 years, respectively.

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Brucella abortus Isolated from Milk and Blood Samples of Cattle

The bacterial species belongs to genus Brucella produce infections in humans, farm and wild animals are known as Brucellosis. In normal routine there is rational misuse of drugs especially broad spectrum poses a great concern for the treatment of Brucellosis in cattle. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of locally available various antibiotics against the Brucella abortus isolated from Lohani and Holstein cattle breeds. Various antibiotics such as kanamicin, chloramphenicol, rifapmicin, gentamycin, enroflaxcin, tertracyline, streptomycin, tobramycin and pencillin were tested against the isolated Brucella abortus . Brucella abortus was found highly sensitive to gentamicin, tobramicin and pencillin G with sensitivity percentage 75, 100 and 100%, respectively. The antibiogram results revealed gentamycin and tobramicin were highly effective antibiotics against the Brucella abortus. The organism was moderately sensitive against tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifapmicin and enroflaxcin with sensitivity recorded of 65, 60, 60 and 90%, respectively. However, the organism was weakly sensitive against streptomycin and kanamicin 50 and 40%, respectively. The organism confirmed its resistance against the ampicillin. Overall, gentamycin and tobramicin were shown the highest antibiogram activity against the isolated Brucella abortus from the bovine milk and blood samples. While, the isolated organism was not sensitive to ampicillin.

Analysis of Growth and Carcass Traits of Dumbi Sheep Breed Male Lambs Different Management Systems

Present research was performed on twelve male lambs of Dumbi sheep breed kept in 2 management systems at Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Livestock Management, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. Animals were divided into two different groups. A groups animal were kept in semi intensive with provision of open grazing and concentrates while, Bgroup animals were kept in intensive management system with provision of green fodder and concentrate. Study was performed till 8 weeks and lambs were observed weekly foraverage body weight and carcass characteristics of both groups were recorded. The results of current study showed that average body weight of group A was (8.33 kg)found significantly high (P>0.05) as compared to the group B (6.86 kg). Moreover carcass characteristics of Dumbi lamb was also observed higher in group A as compared group B. While during comparison of the economical values of both groups, it was observed that group A was found more economical than group B. It is concluded that semi-intensive management system was found better as compared to intensive management system.

Effect of Natural Enemy (Chrysoperla carnea Stephens) against Sucking Insect Pests of Okra

An experiment effect of natural enemy ( Chrysoperla carnea Stephens.) against sucking insect pests of Okra was carried out at Latif Farm, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam during 2014.The results showed that overall maximum mean population of jassids (1009.5 ± 78.12/plant) was recorded in pre-treatment treated plot followed by thrips (706.17 ± 34.26/plant), mites (572.5± 33.00/plant) and whiteflies (209.83 ± 19.76/plant) respectively. Whereas, the overall maximum mean population of jassids (1322.44 ± 8.6/plant6) was recorded in pre-treatment control plot, followed by thrips (828.05 ± 6.77/plant), mites (640.55 ± 5.95/plant) and whiteflies (267.38 ± 4.74/plant) respectively. However, the overall maximum mean of jassids (434.27 ± 4.91/plant) were recorded in post-treatment control plot, followed by thrips (278.11 ± 3.93/plant), mites (134.11 ± 2.63/plant) and whiteflies (18.83 ± 0.99/plant), respectively. The results further revealed that the statistical analysis of data through paired T-test between treated and control plot of jassids, whiteflies, thrips and mites showed significantly different at ( P<0.05 ) level. Whereas, the statistical analysis of data through paired T-test between pre-treatment and post-treatment of jassids, whiteflies, thrips and mites also showed significantly different at ( P <0.05 ) level.

Efficacy of Different Bio-Pesticides against Major Sucking Pests on Brinjal under Field Conditions

A field study was carried out during 2015 at the experimental area of Entomology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, (ARI) Tando Jam to examine the efficacy of different bio-pesticides against major sucking pests on brinjal under field conditions. Four treatments with three replications were applied. The treatments were: T1=Neem (Azadirachta indica) , T2= Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), T3= Datura ( Datura stramonium ) and T4=Control (untreated). Three insect pests were found infesting brinjal including white flies, jassid and mites. Pre-treatment and post-treatment observations were recorded.The results revealed that against white fly, the first spray of Neem extract showed highest reduction percent (82.60%) followed by Tobacco extract (75.95%), Datura extract (73.93%), and lowest for untreated control (11.07%); while in the second spray also Neem extract showed highest effect against white fly (67.53%); followed by Tobacco extract (56.43%), Datura extract (42.25%), and least by untreated plot (5.49%). Against jassid, Neem extract showed highest effect (55.95%) as observed during 1 st spray, followed by Tobacco extract (53.38%), Datura o extract (63.11%) and untreated control (8.00%), while after second spray also Neem extract showed highest reduction percent (68.73%) followed by Tobacco extract (55.72%), Datura extract (50.66%) and the lowest was resulted by untreated control (13.90%). Against mites population on brinjal the first spray results showed that Neem extract showed highest effect (96.19%) followed by Tobacco extract (95.75%), Datura extract (86.86%) and least population was recorded in untreated control (9.96%). After second spray, Neem extract showed highest reduction percent (98.33%), followed by Tobacco extract (92.85%), Datura extract (88.93%) and the lowest reduction percent was resulted by untreated control (9.14%) respectively. Neem extract showed its superiority in effect to combat sucking insect pests studied in brinjal, followed by, Tobacco extract, Datura extract and untreated control remained the least.

Effect of Neem Products and Synthetic Insecticides against Sucking Insect Pests of Cauliflower under Field Conditions

A field study was carried out during 2015 at Muhammad Bachal farm at Bakrani District Larkana. Four treatments with three replications were applied. The treatments were: T1=Chemical control (Diamond 20SP), T2=Neem oil, T3= Neem kernel, T4= Untreated (Control). Two insect pests were found infesting Cauliflower including white fliesand thrips. Pre-treatment- and post-treatment observations were recorded. The results revealed that against thrips, the first spray of chemical control (Diamond) showed highest reduction percent (50.61%) followed by neem oil (43.33%), neem kernel (40.42%), and lowest for untreated control (10.31%); while in the second spray also, chemical control (Diamond) showed highest effect against thrips (58.51%); followed by neem oil (57.88%), neem kernel (52.43%) and least by untreated plot (14.77%). Against white flies chemical control (Diamond) showed highest effect (82.89%) as observed during 1st spray, followed by neem oil (72.47%), neem kernel (72.68%), and untreated control (5.12%), while after second spray also chemical control (Diamond) showed highest reduction percent (85.53%) followed by neem oil (74.34%), neem kernel (72.26%), and the lowest was resulted by untreated control (4.11%). Chemical control (Diamond) showed its superiority in effect to combat sucking insect pests studied in cauliflower, followed by neem oil, neem kernel, and untreated control remained the least.

Searching Ability of Pupal Parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) on Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) at Various Depths of Plant Debris

The present study was carried out to determine the searching ability of pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii of Bactrocera zonata in the Bio Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, SAU, Tandojam, at temperature 27 ± 1ÂoC and 60 ± 5% relative humidity. Adults of fruit fly were fed with water, sugar and needo milk powder, whereas, Dirhinus giffardii were fed with honey and water solution. Ten days old D. giffardies were used against 20 pupae of Bactrocera zonata in the experiment and data recorded on parasitized pupae and un-parasitized pupae after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The results in all treatments indicates that highest parasitized pupae were at peak level of (16.66) after 72 hours age of pupae on the depth of 0 cm in plant debris followed by 4 cm depth (16.33), whereas lowest parasitized pupae were recorded at 5cm depth (13.66) after 72 hours of age inside plant debris. Likewise, the highest un-parasitized pupae were at peak level of (14.00) after 24 hours of age of pupae on the depth of 3cm in plant debris followed by 1cm depth (13.00), whereas lowest un parasitized pupae were recorded at 4cm depth (11.66) after 24 hours of age inside plant debris. The analysis of variance indicated that there wasno significant difference among the parasitized and unparasitized pupae of flies in the different depths of plant debris and age intervals ( P<0.05 ). It is concluded that the highest parasitized pupae were determined at plant debris of 0 cm, followed by 2cm, 5cm, 4cm, 1cm, and 3cm, respectively. In case of age intervals the highest parasitized pupae were recorded after 72 hours old pupae followed by 48 hours, 96 hours and 24 hours, respectively.

Predator Prey Interaction on some Wheat Cultivars

The present findings was aimed to determine the predator prey interaction on some wheat cultivars was laid out at Experimental Area of Entomology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam during rabi wheat growing season of 2014. Five wheat varieties were sown in a complete randomized block design plot. The varieties are 1. NIA-Sunhari, 2. NIA-Amber, 3. NIA-Sundar, 4.Kiran 5.Kirman.The results indicated that maximum mean population of insect pest and predators were recorded on different varieties of wheat crop. The maximum mean Black aphid population was recorded on variety of NIA-Amber (3.36/leaf) and minimum on Kiran (2.79/leaf). The maximum mean numbers of green aphids were recorded on variety Kiran (5.26/leaf) and minimum mean population on variety NIA-Amber (3.59/leaf). The maximum American bollworm was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari, (0.51/leaf) and minimum population was recorded on variety NIA-Sundar (0.14/leaf). Its population was increase in the mid to end of season. The maximum Thrips population appeared on variety NIA-Amber (5.61/leaf) and lowest on NIA-Sunhari (2.79/leaf). The Thrips increased slowly at the start of the season and continued at mid to end of the season. Among predators, the maximum population of Brumus was recorded on variety NIA-Sunhari (0.81/plant) and lowest population observed on variety of NIA-Sundar (0.05/ plant). Similarly the lacewing was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari (0.25/plant) and its lowest population was on varieties of Khirman and Kiran (0.05/plant). Maximum 7- spotted beetles population was on variety NIA-Sunhari (0.64/plant) and the lowest population on Kiran (0.15/plant). While the maximum mean population of 11- spotted beetles was recorded on variety of NIA-Sunhari (0.52/plant) and the minimum population on Kiran (0.17/plant).

Inclusion of Blend of L-lysine, DL-Methionine and Vitamins D3, E in Diets for Broiler; Effects on Growth Performance, Feed Intake and Conversion and Water Intake

The blend comprising of L-lysine, DL-methionine and vitamins D3, E in diets evaluated for growth performance, water intake, feed consumption and conversion ratio and live body weight in broiler was investigated. The study was performed on 360 day old broiler chickens and divided into four groups i.e. A (control), B, C and D (30 chickens in each group) randomly. The birds were fed blend in the diets; group B (40gm / 50 kg feed), group C (80 gm / 50 kg feed) and group D (120 gm / 50 kg feed). The growth parameters of broilers were significant (P<0.05) high in the diet group D in comparison to C, B and A groups respectively. The broiler in group D consumed more feed (4303.20 g/bird) followed by the broiler in C, B and A groups respectively. The significant difference (P<0.05) was determined in water intake of broilers among the groups. The broiler in group D was gained more live body weight (2301.60 g/bird) followed by the broilers in C (2094.50), B (2009.00) and A (1922.20 g/bird). The broiler in group D resulted superior feed conversion efficiency (1.87); followed by the broilers in group C (1.97). The broiler in groups B and A (control) resulted in lowest feed conversion efficiency (1.99 and 2.00) respectively. Overall, the supplementation of the blend in feed 120gm / 50 kg significantly influence on the feed consumption, water intake, live body weight and growth performance in broiler chickens.

Comparative Study on Growth and Conformation of Male Dumbi Lambs under Two Management Systems

A study was carried out on 12 male lambs of Dumbi sheep breed reared under two management systems at the Department of Livestock Management Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando jam. The lambs of Dumbi breed were randomly divided into two groups i.e. group A and B (6 lambs in each group). The group A was reared under semi intensive management system (concentrate and open grazing) whereas animals in group B were kept under intensive management system (concentrate and green fodder). The experiment was lasted for (8) weeks and the observations for body weight and body conformation traits (girth, height and length) were recorded on weekly basis. The result indicated that the average body weight of lambs in group A (12.5 kg) was statistically higher (P<0.05) than lambs in group B (11.33 kg). Moreover, the average body conformation of Dumbi lambs of group A in respect of girth, height and length (56.83 and 40.5 cm, 41.5 cm respectively) were significantly higher than (P<0.05) the male Dumbi lambs of group B (55.33 and 39.33 cm, 40 cm respectively). While comparing the economical aspects of lambs reared under two management systems it was noted that the animals of group A were more economical (Rs.337 /lambs) compared to those of group B (Rs.245 /lambs). Result concludes that, the lambs reared under semi intensive management system (concentrate and open grazing) gained more body weight and body conformation than that of lambs reared under intensive management system (concentrate and green fodder).