Hymer L. Friedell

A comparative study of blood volume in dogs.

Conclusion 1. A comparison of 3 methods for the determination of blood volume was made on 10 dogs. 2. The average blood volumes expressed as per cent of body weight for the 3 methods were: T-1824, 10.5%; for red cells tagged with P32, 9.7%; and iodinated protein, 9.4%. 3. The iodinated protein method permitted accurate determinations of plasma volumes for a much longer period after injection than did the other two methods. This method was simple and direct. It permitted calculation of the volume within a few minutes after the samples were obtained. It appeared to have a decided advantage over blood volume estimation with P32 impregnated red blood cells and the T-1824 dye method.

LENTICULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH BETA RADIATION OF THE EYE AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

aclinical evaluation of radiation therapy of lesions of the eye requires close co-operation between the ophthalmologist and the radiologist. The ophthalmologist in general is not qualified, without special training, to carry out radiation treatment, and the radiologist is usually not qualified to employ such therapy without a thorough knowledge of the pathogenesis of the lesion treated. This study represents a co-ordinated effort between the Departments of Radiology and Ophthalmology at Western Reserve University. Prior to 1940, gamma rays from radium and grenz rays were used in radiation therapy for various ophthalmologic conditions. In that year, Burnam and Neill (1) reported on the use of beta rays originating from radon gas, the daughter isotope of radium, contained in a glass bulb enclosed within a brass cylinder. This type of applicator was in general use until artificially produced radioactive isotopes became available. In 1950 two of the present authors (C. I T. and H. L. F.) reported on the use o...

Detection of Intraocular Tumors with the Use of Radioactive Phosphorus

At the present time the most positive means of identifying malignant tissue is histologic examination. This is the method of choice and can be used in most situations. In the case of intraocular tumors, however, histologic confirmation is possible only after enucleation. It was therefore considered of great importance to utilize the selective localization of certain radioactive isotopes in tumors to aid in the diagnosis, in vivo, of such intraocular neoplasms. It was known from earlier work (1–6) that various tagged materials are selectively taken up by rapidly proliferating tissue and that the increased radioactivity can be detected in vivo by specialized counting procedures. Application of this general method to the problem of identification of intraocular tumors was a logical extension. The problem was essentially one of differentiating between fluid detachment of the retina and detachments resulting from underlying malignant tumors. Although it is often possible to differentiate between these conditio...

I131-labeled serum albumin: its use in the study of cardiac output and peripheral vascular flow.

During the past several years a method for measuring plasma volumes has been under investigation in our laboratory (1, 2). This method involved the use of a tagged serum protein (I131-tagged albumin) and gave promising results which appeared useful. It became obvious that the slow rate of disappearance of tagged albumin from the blood would make this a satisfactory substance for the study of vascular flow measurements. Before this could be achieved, however, it was necessary to develop a number of instruments which would make it possible to detect small amounts of radioactivity by their gamma emission and to record the events rapidly enough so that critical alterations in dilution and mixing of the radioactive albumin could be recorded. The essence of the method which will be described concerns itself with measuring and recording the manner and rate in which iodinated plasma is mixed and diffused through the blood. The character of the curve which is obtained on isolated arteries has proved suitable for q...

THE THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY POLYCYTHEMIA AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA

The use of radioactive phosphorus in the treatment of disease stems from the initial studies made by Lawrence and his colleagues in 1936 (1). Since then there have been a number of reports which establish the efficacy of this form of therapy in chronic leukemia and polycythemia (2-11). These clinical reports have been issued from a number of separate institutions, indicating that independent experiences are now fairly widespread. The report by Reinhard et al. (12) is an exhaustive review of the clinical course of patients treated in this fashion. Similar studies by Doan et al. (13) and Lawrence et al. (14) add extensively to the data now available in the literature. It is our intention here to add to the clinical observations presented in the previous reports, but we wish particularly to emphasize the pertinent information available from the literature and from our own work which is the basis and rationale for such treatment. The concept of treating disease with internally distributed radioactive materials is not completely new and attempts in this direction have previously been made by introducing into the blood stream some of the naturally occurring elements, such as radium. However, the invention of the cyclotron and more recently the development of high energy nuclear reactors of the Atomic Energy Commission have given considerable impetus to this concept of therapy. This is particularly true because of the wide variety of radioactive elements which can be produced by these devices, some of which have suitable characteristics (desirable half-life, proper radiation characteristics, and satisfactory chemical properties). The rationale of treating patients with radioactive material arises from the desire to irradiate selectively certain specific tissues and to prolong

The Visualization of Internal Organs by Accentuation Scintillation Scanning Technics

It has been long recognized that radiation arising from selectively deposited radioelements may be used to record the spatial distribution of these elements so as to reflect the configuration and position of an organ structure. Although it had been shown previously that some concept of the general deposition of radioelements in the body could be established by making static counts of the accumulated radioactivity along a grid system, the later development of the automatic scintillation scanner (1, 2, 6) demonstrated the possibilities of graphic illustration of radioisotope distribution. In its original concept, the automatic scanner was designed to delineate the regions of the thyroid gland or of thyroid-functioning sites by virtue of the avidity of thyroid tissue for radioactive iodine. Thus the problem was concerned mainly with delineating structures in which a steep differential in radioactivity existed between the region in question and its environment. In the application of scanning systems to the vi...

Appearance of Protein Tagged with Radioactive Iodine in Thoracic Duct Lymph

Conclusions 1. The total lymph volume is not measurable, so that the exact amount of activated protein that is present in the body lymph, following intravenous injection of iodinated protein, cannot be calculated. However, it appears from this experiment that a negligible amount is present in the thoracic duct lymph 10 minutes after injection. 2. During the first hour there is a rapid increase in the lymph content of radioactive protein followed by a more gradual rise.

Palliation of Osseous Metastases from Breast Carcinoma with Radioactive Phosphorus Alone and in Combination with Adrenalectomy

The palliation of metastasizing carcinoma of the breast presents a tremendous problem to the clinician. Several therapeutic approaches have been proposed. Just before the turn of the century Schinzinger (12) and Beatson (1) showed that oophorectomy produced beneficial effects in premenopausal patients. In 1939 Ulrich (13) and Loeser (8) demonstrated that testosterone was beneficial in the palliation of bone metastases, and in 1944 estrogen was first used in postmenopausal women with metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Irradiation is the treatment of choice for local recurrences of mammary cancer and for isolated bone metastases. In almost every case, however, the disease eventually becomes so widespread that external radiation therapy is no longer practical. In 1950, two of the present authors (4) reported on the use of radioactive phosphorus for the treatment of widespread osseous metastases from carcinoma of the breast. They obtained subjective relief of pain in approximately three-fourths of the p...

STUDIES ON THE COMBINED EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D AND X-RADIATION

The purpose of the experiments to be described here was to ascertain whether actinomycin D and x-radiation administered simultaneously will have a greater biological effect than one would expect to obtain by merely adding the two effects. Reports of experimental and clinical studies have suggested that potentiation, rather than mere summation of effects, exists (1, 3, 4). It seemed worthwhile, therefore, to carry out quantitative studies on this point in the laboratory where better control might be exercised. At the outset, it may be worthwhile to define the term potentiation as used in these experiments. If dose A of agent P produces an effect X and dose B of agent Q produces the same effect X then potentiation may be present for the combination if 1/2 dose A of P + 1/2 dose B of Q produces an effect greater than X. This would be true, also, for any combination of fractions whose sum is equal to unity. The dose of the two agents must, of course, be plotted on a common abscissa. To illustrate further this...

Thyroid Ablation with I131 in Euthyroid Cardiac Patients, with Special Reference to Preparation with Antithyroid Drugs1

In 1924, Levine and Blumgart suggested that the patient with severe cardiac disease might benefit from thyroid ablation (1, 2, 13). This approach was based on the clinical observation that cardiac symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism improved when the hyperthyroidism was corrected. It was also postulated that, since oxygen consumption is reduced in myxedema, the work of the heart is likewise reduced, with a resultant improvement in cardiac reserve. The earliest method of thyroid ablation in the euthyroid cardiac patient was total thyroidectomy (2, 6, 10, 14). Some success was obtained by this method, but it was abandoned because of the high mortality and morbidity, in addition to the fact that the patient most in need of the procedure had so little cardiac reserve that surgery was contraindicated. The next approach was the use of antithyroid drugs, such as thiouracil and thiourea (7, 11). Again, success was obtained in that cardiac symptoms improved, commensurate with a lowering of the basal metabolic...