Ika Amalia Kartika

New Renewable and Biodegradable Particleboards from Jatropha Press Cakes

The influence of thermo-pressing conditions on the mechanical properties of particleboards obtained from Jatropha press cakes was evaluated in this study. Conditions such as molding temperature and press cake oil content were included. All particleboards were cohesive, with proteins and fibers acting respectively as binder and reinforcing fillers. Generally, it was the molding temperature that most affected particleboard mechanical properties. The most resistant boards were obtained using 200°C molding temperature. Glass transition of proteins then occurred during molding, resulting in effective wetting of the fibers. At this optimal molding temperature, the best compromise between flexural properties (7.2 MPa flexural strength at break and 2153 MPa elastic modulus), Charpy impact strength (0.85 kJ/m²) and Shore D surface hardness (71.6°), was a board obtained from press cake with low oil content (7.7%). Such a particleboard would be usable as interlayer sheets for pallets, for the manufacture of containers or furniture, or in the building trade.

EKSTRAKSI MINYAK DAN RESIN NYAMPLUNG DENGAN CAMPURAN PELARUT HEKSAN-ETANOL

Calophyllum seeds are potential to be used as raw material for vegetable oil production due to their high oil content ( 75.1 % db ). In addition, C alophyllum seeds contain resin consisting beneficial phenolic compound s for health. In this study, C alophyllum seeds were extracted using hexane-ethanol mixture to investigate oil and resin yields and their physicochemical properties , and to obtain the best process condition in oil and resin production from C alophyllum seeds. Experiment was carried out using r andomized c omplete d esign with three factors, i.e. extraction time s (5-7 h ), temperature s (40-50°C) , and hexane to ethanol ratio s ( 2 : 4 , 3:3 and 4 : 2 ). The result of variance analysis showed that extraction time and hexane to ethanol ratio affected significantly on oil and resin yield s , density, acid and iod value s, whereas temperature influenced only on oil yield , density and acid value . Best oil (58.2%) and resin (16.2%) yields were respectively obtained at 5h extraction time, 50°C temperature and 4:2 hexane to ethanol ratio, and 5hextraction time, 4 0°C temperature and 2:4 hexane to ethanol ratio. At these optimum conditions, the oil had acid value of 1 4 . 89 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 60.75 g iodine/100 g , viscosity (25 °C ) of 71 . 46 mPa.s, and density (25 °C ) of 0.8 6 g/ cm 3 . On the other hand, t he resin had acid value of 1 33 . 76 mg KOH/g. Keywords: C alophyllum, extraction, ethanol , hexane, oil, resin

Transesterifikasi In Situ Biji Jarak: Pengaruh Kadar Air dan Ukuran Partikel Bahan terhadap Rendemen dan Kualitas Biodiesel

The objective of this study was to investigate in situ transesterification process allowing to realize directly biodiesel production from jatropha seeds. The influence of moisture content (0.5, 2, 3 and 4 %) and particle size (10, 20 and 35 mesh) of jatropha seeds was examined to determine the best performance of the biodiesel production yield and its quality. Generally, the moisture content and particle size of jatropha seeds affected biodiesel production yield. An increase of biodiesel production yield was observed as moisture content and particle size of jatropha seeds were decreased. Highest biodiesel production yield (71 %) was obtained under seed moisture content of 0.5 % and particle size of 35 mesh. Effect of the moisture content and particle size of jatropha seeds on biodiesel quality was less important. In all experiments tested, the biodiesel quality was very good. The acid value was below 0.3 mg KOH/g of biodiesel, water and sediment content was very poor ( 210 mg KOH/g of biodiesel). In addition, quality of biodiesel produced under optimum process condition was in accord with Indonesian Biodiesel Standard. Keyword: Transesterification, in situ, jatropha seed, biodiesel ABSTRAK Kegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses produksi biodiesel secara langsung dari biji jarak melalui proses transesterifikasi in situ. Parameter kondisi proses yang dipelajari adalah pengaruh kadar air (0,5, 2, 3 dan 4 %) dan ukuran partikel bahan (10, 20 dan 35 mesh) terhadap rendemen biodiesel dan kualitasnya. Kadar air dan ukuran partikel bahan berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Semakin kecil kadar air dan ukuran partikel bahan, rendemen biodiesel dan efektifitas proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak semakin meningkat. Rendemen biodiesel tertinggi (71 %) dihasilkan dari perlakuan kadar air dan ukuran partikel bahan 0,5 % dan 35 mesh. Biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak mempunyai bilangan asam, viskositas, air dan sedimen yang relatif rendah, yaitu 0,27 mg KOH/g biodiesel, 210 mg KOH/g biodiesel. Ukuran partikel bahan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap bilangan penyabunan dan ester biodiesel, sedangkan kadar air bahan menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata. Kata kunci: Transesterifikasi, in situ, biji jarak, biodiesel