İlhan Otağ

Effect of increasing maximal aerobic exercise on serum gonadal hormones and alpha-fetoprotein in the luteal phase of professional female soccer players.

[Purpose] The performance of female athletes during their menstrual period has attracted the attention of researchers for many years. It is known that the menstrual period changes with exercise. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal protein. In this study, the effect of maximal aerobic exercise in the luteal phase on some hormones and AFP in female athletes was researched. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve volunteers and healthy female footballers with normal menstrual cycles volunteered for this study as subjects. All the participants performed a shuttle run test. Blood samples were taken before, after, and one hour after exercise. Serum AFP, estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) values were measured using an auto analyzer and original kits. Heart rate measurements were performed before and after the exercise. [Results] AFP activity had significantly decreased after 1 h of recovery from the exercise in the female soccer players, and estrogen and LH activity had significantly increased immediately after the exercise. Progesterone activity had significantly decreased immediately after the exercise. FSH values had significantly increased immediately after the exercise. [Conclusion] The results of the present study show there were significant decreases in the values of AFP, which is a cancer parameter, 1 hour after the exercise. This result may be valuable in future physiotherapy studies on the relationship between exercise and cancer.

Effect of Increasing Maximal Aerobic Exercise on Serum Muscles Enzymes in Professional Field Hockey Players

Background and Objectives: Exercise results in oxidative enzyme increase and micro-injuries in skeletal muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maximal aerobic exercise on serum muscle enzymes in professional field hockey players. This study aims to determine the effect of increasing maximal aerobic exercise on creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels. Material and Methods: 31 young professional field hockey players (13 female and 18 male players) volunteered for this study. All participants underwent the shuttle run test. Blood samples were taken from each participant before the shuttle run test. Post test blood samples were taken immediately after exercise and one hour after respectively. Pre and post test CK, CK-MB, AST and ALT values were measured by means of auto analyzer using original kits. Results: The acute post test measure of the CK level increased in male (p=0.002) and female (p=0.00) sportsmen. CK-MB values obtained one hour after the exercise was lower than those before the exercise in males (p=0.02). In females (p=0.017) and males (p=0.05) AST activity significantly increased immediately after exercise and decreased to resting activity 1 h recovery. ALT significantly increased immediately after exercise in female (p=0.03) and male (p=0.00) athletes and after 1 h recovery ALT activities decreased below resting values. Conclusion: The timing and severity of exercise used in our study increased CK values, decreased CK-MB values and AST, ALT values increased in female and male field hockey players.

Morphometric Measures of Talus Bone in Skeleton Remains Belonging to Anatolian Geography

Abstract Morphometric properties of a bone structure enable the researchers to calculate all measures of a bone using a piece of it. The present study aims to evaluate all bone measures from the remains of talus bone. In our study, 40 talus bones existing in Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy Department Laboratory and belonging to Anatolian Geography (20 right-20 left) were evaluated. 10 measures of talus bone were evaluated and the differences between right and left were determined. Talar width (Tw) and head-neck length (Hnl) measures of left taluses are significantly higher than the right taluses (P<0.05). While right Tw is mean 40.7mm, left Tw is mean 43.3mm. The present study in which morphometric measures of talus bone, one of the durable bones of human body, are evaluated shall contribute to anatomic literature, anthropologic studies and forensic science. INTRODUCTION The studies focusing on determination of human skeleton remains are continuing increasingly. These studies can be morphologic or morphometric. Age, gender, race and stature surveys on the bones set light to forensic science and anthropologic studies. Measures of head, pelvis and long bones are used to evaluate population, gender and age. However, it may also be required to use other bones in the researches using bone pieces instead of the entire bone. Surface burials and poor protection lead to losses which prevent researches on skeleton material. Differently from head, pelvis and long bones, talus is protected better and its measures change less (1). During the researches to be made on skeleton material after death, talus provides the convenient conditions for osteologic analysis (2). Talus is considered as one of the durable bones of a foot (3). Therefore, talus studies are performed by the researchers in the field of anatomy, forensic science and anthropology (4-7). MATERIAL AND METHOD The talus bones used in this study were provided from the bone collection in Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy Department Laboratory. In our study, 40 talus bones (20 right-20 left) belonging to Anatolia region and protected well were used. In order to use in our study, 10 mophologic measures which are frequently used in literature were determined; Talar length (Tl),talar width (Tw), talar height (Th), trochlear length (Trl), trochlear breadth (Trb), head-neck length (Hnl),head height (Hh), length of the posterior articular surface (Lpas), breadth of the posterior articular surface (Bpas) and talar sulcus width (Tsw)(Figure 1). head Sliding caliper with 0.1 mm accuracy was used for the measurements. Statistical analysis and right-left difference of the measures were determined. In statistical analysis, SPSS (version 14) was used. Figure1. Measurement points of talus bone RESULTS Morphologic measurements and right-left differences of talus bone were analyzed statistically. Except for Hh and Tsw measures, left talus measures are bigger than right talus measures. Among these measurements, only left Tw and Hnl measures are statistically significant when compared to right measurements (P<0.05). The differences in other measurements are statistically insignificant (Table 1). Table1. Morphometric measurement values of talus bone Parameter Side N Mean SD SEM Tl R 20 55.94 3.07 0.68 L 20 56.54 3.65 0.81 Tw* R 20 40.79 4.74 1.06 L 20 43.39 2.87 0.64 Hnl* R 20 20.81 2.40 0.53

MRI-based detailed evaluation of the anatomy of the human coccyx among Turkish adults

Aim: The human coccyx varies considerably in shape and size. The objective of this study was to investigate the morphology and morphometry of the coccyx on pelvic magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic individuals among Turkish adults. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively on the pelvic magnetic resonance images of 456 adult patients without a history of trauma in the coccyx region. The coccygeal vertebrae count, number of bone segments, and intercoccygeal and sacrococcygeal joint fusions were determined from the sagittal plane images. In addition, the length and angles (the sacrococcygeal angle, intercoccygeal joint angle, and sacrococcygeal joint angle) were measured. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using the T-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, the ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis tests, and the chi-square test was used for the categorical variables. Results: The coccyx is formed by four, five, or three vertebrae in a decreasing ratio. The coccyx is composed of one to five bone segments; one bone segment was found in 2.8% of the cases. Intercoccygeal joint fusions been observed predominantly in the last intercoccygeal joint, with or without sacrococcygeal joint fusion. The coccyx was found to be longer in adult males than in adult females. The sacrococcygeal angle might be anteverted or retroverted. Conclusion: The findings are contrary to the conventional knowledge in that the vertebrae shaping the coccyx were completely fused and consisting of a single bone in very few cases. Better understanding of the anatomical variation of the coccyx may be useful for clinicians evaluating patients presenting with conditions in the coccygeal region.

Estimation of the femur length from its proximal measurements in Anatolian Caucasians by artificial neural networks

Femora are a well preserved section of the skeleton after death. Therefore, they are commonly used in the field of forensic sciences, physical anthropology and anatomy. In addition, femur morphometry is helpful in finding sex or side (left or right) differences. The femur also shows characteristics of certain populations. Femur length is important for calculation of individual stature. In this study, the artificial neural network method was used to estimate femur length. In total, 230 femora exemplar were used. The three input parameters of the method were the distance between trochanter major top point and trochanter minor bottom point, the diameter of caput femoris and the diameter of collum femoris. By using these parameters, the artificial neural network estimation on femur length was performed. The results show that the method is capable of performing this estimation. In addition, sex discrimination was performed and achieved with 82% accuracy. As well as the identification of sex or side differences, morphometry of the proximal femur is necessary and important for surgical procedures.

Responses of Trace Elements to Aerobic Maximal Exercise in Elite Sportsmen

Trace elements are chemical elements needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of the organism. In biochemistry, a trace element is also referred to as a micronutrient. Trace elements, such as nickel, cadmium, aluminum, silver, chromium, molybdenum, germanium, tin, titanium, tungsten, scandium, are found naturally in the environment and human exposure derives from a variety of sources, including air, drinking water and food. The Purpose of this study was investigated the effect of aerobic maximal intensity endurance exercise on serum trace elements as well-trained individuals of 28 wrestlers (age (year) 19.64±1.13, weight (Kg) 70.07 ± 15.69, height (cm) 176.97 ± 6.69) during and after a 2000 meter Ergometer test protocol was used to perform aerobic (75 %) maximal endurance exercise. Trace element serum levels were analyzed from blood samples taken before, immediately after and one hour after the exercise. While an increase was detected in Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Molybdenum (Mo) and Titanium (Ti) serum levels immediately after the exercise, a decrease was detected in Aluminum (Al), Scandium (Sc) and Tungsten (W) serum levels. Except for aluminum, the trace elements we worked on showed statistically meaningful responses (P<0.05 and P<0.001). According to the responses of trace elements to the exercise showed us the selection and application of the convenient sport is important not only in terms of sportsman performance but also in terms of future healthy life plans and clinically.

RECOMMENDATİONS OF 5TH-GRADE MEDİCAL FACULTY STUDENTS ABOUT CLİNİCAL ANATOMY COURSE

Vedat Sabancıoğulları, Kaan Çimen, Güldal Doğruyol, Yaşar Taştemur, İlhan Otağ, Muhittin Sönmez, Mehmet Çimen 1 Department of Anatomy, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey Corresponding author: Vedat Sabancıoğulları, Department of Anatomy, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey E-mail: vsabanci@yahoo.com.tr Received/Accepted: August 12, 2017 / October 04, 2017 Conflict of interest: There is not a conflict of interest.

Central region morphometry in a child brain; Age and gender differences

BACKGROUND Data on central region morphometry of a child brain is important not only in terms of providing us with information about central region anatomy of the brain but also in terms of the help of this information for the plans to be applied in neurosurgery. OBJECTIVE In the present study, central region morphometry of a child brain in mid-sagittal MR images was analyzed in age and gender groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different points determined previously, commissura posterior0 (PC) and the distances between cerebral cortex point (VCS) vertical to commissura anterior- commissura posterior line, sulcus centralis (CS), sulcus marginalis (MS), and the angle (α) between CS-PC-MS were determined and measured together with difference of gender in three different age groups (aged 6-9, 10-13, and 14-17). RESULTS Central region measures of the brains of boys aged 6-17 are higher than girls except for MS-PC distance. While VCS-PC, CS-PC, and MS-PC measures display a significant difference in the girls aged 14-17 when compared to the other age groups of 6-9 and 10-13 (P < 0.05), angle α is not significantly different in age and gender groups (P > 0.05). However, while VCS-PC, CS-PC and MS-PC distances show a significant increase in girls beginning from the age of 14, this increase is limited in boys. CONCLUSION Morphometric differences observed in different age groups in boys and girls shall contribute our evaluation of the alterations in brain development in both of genders and shall be useful in preparation of surgical operation plans to be applied to the central region.

Frontal lobe morphometry with MRI in a normal age group of 6-17 year-olds.

Background Morphometric data of the frontal lobe are important for surgical planning of lesions in the frontal lobe and its surroundings. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide suitable data for this purpose. Objectives In our study, the morphometric data of mid-sagittal MRI of the frontal lobe in certain age and gender groups of children have been presented. Patients and Methods In a normal age group of 6-17-year-old participants, the length of the line passing through predetermined different points, including the frontal pole (FP), commissura anterior (AC), commissura posterior (PC), the outermost point of corpus callosum genu (AGCC), the innermost point of corpus callosum genu (IGCC), tuberculum sella (TS), AGCC and IGCC points parallel to AC-PC line and the point such line crosses at the frontal lobe surface (FCS) were measured in three age groups (6-9, 10-13 and 14-17 years) for each gender. Results The frontal lobe morphometric data were higher in males than females. Frontal lobe measurements peak at the age group of 10-13 in the male and at the age group of 6-13 in the female. In boys, the length of FP-AC increases 4.1% in the 10-13 age group compared with the 6-9-year-old group, while this increase is 2.3% in girls. Conclusion Differences in age and gender groups were determined. While the length of AGCC-IGCC increases 10.4% in adults, in children aged 6-17, the length of AC-PC is 11.5% greater than adults. These data will contribute to the preliminary assessment for developing a surgical plan in fine interventions in the frontal lobe and its surroundings in children.

Absence of the Arteria Profunda Femoris

circumflexus femoris medialis and a. circumflexus femoris lateralis emerged from a. profunda femoris. In the third case it was detected that at left low extremity a. profunda femoris did not exist, and at right low extremity a. circumflexus femoris lateralis emerged from a. p rofunda femoris, and a. circumflexus femoris medialis emerged from a. femoralis. In the fourth case at left low extremity there was no a. profunda f emoris and at right low extremity it was seen that at a. profunda femoris and a. femoralis were in unsteady course. The absence of a. profunda femo ris had 0,4%. The results were discussed by comparing with literature data.