Ilknur Ayan

Homoarginine, β-ODAP, and asparagine contents of grass pea landraces cultivated in Turkey.

The seeds of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), a drought tolerant crop, were analysed for quantitative determination of the free amino acids β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), homoarginine and asparagine by a simple and fast capillary electrophoretic method. In boric acid (80mM, pH 8.0) running buffer system, not only were α and β-ODAP successfully separated, but also an efficient sample stacking was achieved during hydrodynamic sample introduction. The validated method was used for quantification of β-ODAP, homoarginine and asparagine in seed extracts of 52 Lathyrus local landraces from various regions of Turkey and one released cultivar. The concentration ranges of amino acids were found as 0.21-1.27% (w/w) for homoarginine, 0.10-0.87% (w/w) for β-ODAP and 0.006-0.47% (w/w) for asparagine. A positive correlation between homoarginine and β-ODAP quantities in seeds of 53 Lathyrus local landraces was shown to exist (r(2)=0.649).

Seed yield and agronomic parameters of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) genotypes grown in the Black Sea region of Turkey

Nine cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) genotypes (two released cultivars and seven lines) were evaluated for grain yield and agronomic parameters at two locations within the Middle Black Sea region of Turkey for two years (2005 to 2006). Genotypes were evaluated for plant height, first pod height from ground, branches number per plant, main branch diameter, pod length, seed number per pod, thousand seed weight and seed yield. Results indicate that the effect of genotype, year and location were significant (P<0.05) for many of the traits studied. Line G1 had the highest plant height (122.4 cm). Seed number per pod was higher in line G1 (9.9) than in other genotypes. Thousand seed weight ranged between 138.7 and 233.2 g. Seed yield ranged from 1,010 to 1,420 kg ha -1 . The highest seed yield (1,420 kg ha -1 ) was obtained in cultivar Karagoz. Among locations, average values for most variables studied were higher in Samsun than in Kavak. Key words: Vigna unguiculata, seed yield, thousand seed weight, Black Sea

Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer improve pastures naturally growing under hazelnut trees

Abstract This three-year study (2003–2005) aimed to improve the yield and quality of pastures growing naturally that are colonized by naturally occurring vegetation without agricultural input under hazelnut (Corylus sp.) orchards in the middle and eastern Black Sea regions of Turkey. There were eight treatments: 1) control; 2) fertilizer only (triple superphosphate 44% and calcium ammonium nitrate 26%) (80kg ha−1 P and 60 kg ha−1 N in Samsun; 100 kg ha−1 P and 80 kg ha−1 N in Ordu; 100 kg ha−1 P and 40 kg ha−1 N in Giresun); 3) lime only (calcium carbonate 94%) (3.0 t ha−1 lime in Samsun; 4.5 t ha−1 lime in Ordu and Giresun); 4) early cut only; 5) soil aeration only; 6) fertilizer+lime; 7) fertilizer+lime+early cut; 8) fertilizer+lime+soil aeration, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates at each location. The highest dry matter (DM) yield of kg ha−1 and crude protein content (%) was obtained from the treatments that included fertilizer. There was no difference in DM production between any of the combination treatments that involved fertilizer and the fertilizer alone treatment. Only lime and aeration applications also increased yield compared to control, but not as much as did any treatment including fertilizer. Crude protein content of the pasture ranged from 13.3 to 18.1% across locations. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer are recommended to improve DM yields and herbage quality for pastures under hazelnut orchards.

EFFECTS OF CULTIVAR, INOCULATION, AND SOWING DATE IN SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF LUPIN

This study was conducted to determine effect of cultivar, inoculation, and sowing date and to yield and yield components of the only cultivated local genotype in comparison to new sweet cultivars in the 2006–2008 vegetation period in Turkey (41° 21′ N, 36° 15′ E). Six varieties (‘Bardo’, ‘Fortuna’, ‘Boruta’, ‘Borlana’, ‘Arabella’, and ‘Sonet’) were obtained from Germany, and three varieties were (‘Amigo’, ‘Lolita’, and a local genotype) obtained from Turkey. In these experiments, seed yield, thousand seed weight, plant height, first pod height, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod were investigated. In terms of these investigated features it was determined that there were differences among varieties. The local genotype in regards to seed yield performed better than the introduced sweet cultivars in each year and each treatment. However, annual environmental conditions that changed with the years, inoculation, sowing date, and genotypic (cultivars) differences may affect yield and some of the yield components. Seed yield from the autumn sowing were higher than spring sowing in both years (1.72, 2.49 t ha−1 in autumn sowing, 1.37, 1.69 t ha-1 in spring sowing, respectively), and inoculation of seed also increased seed yield.

Sera Gazı Salınımı ve Çevre Kirliliğinin Azaltılması Yönünden Yemlik Baklagillerin Önemi

The demand for high quality foods is increasing due to increase of urbanization, population and disposable income. Thus increased global food production is required and this increase must be achieved through environmentally sustainable production systems. It is a fact that CO 2 concentration of atmosphere about 100 ppm, average global temperature about 0.9 C, and sea level about 20 cm increased in the last century. Some agricultural activities such as, enteric fermentation, agricultural chemicals, paddy farm, agricultural machines and burning of stubble causes highly greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. Regard the results of studies, forage legumes used in crop rotation and livestock feeding decreases GHG emissions and pollute of natural sources. Currant agricultural production is highly N limited, while the provision of industrial N is largely based on fossil energy with its associated emission of GHG. Thus, substitution of industrial N fertilizer with N derived from legumes’ symbiotic N 2 fixation is an important contribution to more environmental friendly and resource efficient agricultural systems. Livestock production is a significant source of GHG emissions, generating CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O from enteric fermentation, manure management and other production activities. Inclusion of forage legumes in ruminant diets can potentially improve productivity while at the same time reducing the C footprint of meat and milk production through reduced CH 4 and N 2 O emissions as well as enhanced C sequestration. Several forage legumes possess plant secondary metabolites that include tannins and polyphenoloxidase. In the rumen, these secondary metabolites protect proteins from degradation and ruminants excrete less urinary N but more fecal N. This is important because the urinary N is quickly converted to ammonia and N 2 O which induces environmental problems. There is evidence that forage legumes, as components of mixed grass-legume swards, can provide multiple benefits to agriculture by acting at different stages in the soil-plant-animal-atmosphere system.Nufus, sehirlesme orani ve gelir artisi gibi nedenlerle yuksek kaliteli gidalara (ozellikle hayvansal gidalar) olan talep dunya genelinde artmaktadir. Bu artisin gelecek yillarda da surmesi beklenmektedir. Bu durum gida uretiminin artirilmasi ve cevresel yonden surdurulebilir bir sisteme oturtulmasi gerekliligini ortaya cikarmaktadir. Son yuzyilda, atmosferdeki CO2 duzeyi yaklasik 100 ppm, dunyanin ortalama isisi 0.9 oC ve deniz suyu seviyesi 20 cm kadar yukselmistir. Hayvancilik faaliyetleri, tarimsal kimyasallar, celtik tarimi, tarimda kullanilan makinalar ve aniz yakma gibi bazi tarimsal faaliyetler onemli duzeyde sera gazi salinimina neden olmaktadir. Yurutulen bircok arastirmanin sonuclarina gore, ekim nobeti sistemlerinde ve hayvan beslemede yemlik baklagillerin kullanilmasi, sera gazi salinimi ve cevresel kirliligi onemli oranda azaltmaktadir. Bitkisel uretimde en sinirlayici element azottur ve tarimda kullanilan azotlu gubrelerin uretiminde cok yuksek oranda sera gazi salinimina neden olan fosil yakitlar kullanilmaktadir. Azotlu gubrelerin yerine, simbiyotik yolla N2 baglayan baklagillerin tarim sistemine dahil edilmesi, daha cevre dostu ve surdurulebilir bir uygulamadir. Baklagiller simbiyotik yolla yilda hektara 100- 380 kg N baglayabilme yetenegindedirler. Hayvancilik, sindirim sistemi fermentasyonu, atik gubreler ve diger uretim faaliyetleri sirasinda ortaya cikan CO2, CH4 ve N2O nedeniyle, tarimsal kokenli sera gazi saliniminin en onemli kaynagidir. Yemlik baklagillerin hayvan rasyonlarina katilmasi verimliligi artirirken, ayni zamanda et ve sut uretiminde CH4 ve N2O salinimini azaltmakta ve karbon tutumunu da artirmaktadir. Dunya genelinde antropojenik CH4 saliniminin yaklasik % 21-25’i hayvan sindirim sisteminde uretilmektedir. Bazi yemlik baklagiller bunyelerinde tanen ve polifenoloksidaz gibi ikincil metabolitler bulundururlar. Bu maddeler hayvanin sindirim sisteminde metan olusumunu azaltirlar ve ayrica sindirilemeyen azotu idrar yerine diskiya yonlendirirler. Idrardaki N hizlica N2O’ya donusup, sera gazi olarak atmosfere gecerken, diskidaki azot organik madde olarak toprakta depolanir. Cayir-mera alanlarinin ana bilesenlerinden olan yemlik baklagiller toprak-bitki-hayvan-atmosfer sisteminin farkli asamalarinda cok onemli katki saglarlar.

SAMSUN İLİ ÇAYIR VE MERALARINDA YETİŞEN BAZI ZARARLI BİTKİLER VE HAYVANLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Cayir ve meralar, bir ulkenin en onemli dogal kaynaklarindan birisidir. Bu alanlar hayvanlarin ihtiyaci olan kaba yemin en ucuz karsilandigi yer olma ozelliginin yaninda bircok niteliklere de sahiptirler. Yillardan beri devam eden asiri ve erken otlatma sonucu, cayir – mera alanlarimizin verim potansiyelleri cok dusmus ve buyuk oranda bitki ortulerini kaybetmislerdir. Bu alanlar cogu kez hayvanlarin yemedikleri, hatta bazi zehirli kimyasal maddeler kapsayan bitkilerle kaplanmaktadirlar. Bu makalede Samsun Ili Cayir - meralarinda bulunan ve hayvan sagligina zararli olan bitkiler ile bu bitkilerde bulunan zararli maddeler ele alinmistir