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Featured researches published by Ingrid Schult.


Climate Dynamics | 1993

Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects: model versus observations

Hans-F. Graf; Ingo Kirchner; Alan Robock; Ingrid Schult

Large volcanic eruptions, in addition to the well-known effect of producing global cooling for a year or two, have been observed to produce shorterterm responses in the climate system involving non-linear dynamical processes. In this study, we use the ECHAM2 general circulation model forced with stratospheric aerosols to test some of these ideas. Run in a perpetual-January mode, with tropical stratospheric heating from the volcanic aerosols typical of the 1982 El Chichón eruption or the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, we find a dynamical response with an increased polar night jet in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and stronger zonal winds which extend down into the troposphere. The Azores High shifts northward with increased tropospheric westerlies at 60°N and increased easterlies at 30°N. Surface temperatures are higher both in northern Eurasia and North America, in agreement with observations for the NH winters of 1982–83 and 1991–92 as well as the winters following the other 10 largest volcanic eruptions since 1883.


Journal of Geophysical Research | 1997

Effect of black carbon and sulfate aerosols on the Global Radiation Budget

Ingrid Schult; Johann Feichter; William F. Cooke

Global fields of radiative forcing due to natural and anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, black carbon aerosols, and an extemal mixture of the two have been calculated with a one-dimensional radiative transfer model developed for estimates of the direct radiative forcing by aerosols. Estimates of solar radiative forcing by different aerosols are presented for January and July, based on calculated three-dimensional, global distributions of sulfate and black carbon mass. We show that the radiative forcing by sulfate is negative, as already known, while the forcing due to black carbon aerosols is mainly positive. Considering both black carbon and sulfate together and assuming an extemal mixture, we calculate a globally averaged radiative forcing of approximately -0.2 W/m 2 , with a quite nonuniform geographical distribution. The radiative forcing due to aerosols is highly dependent upon the optical properties of the aerosol, while the surface reflectance and the Sun angle influence the direction of the forcing. Our results show that the presence of black carbon, the main absorbing component of anthropogenic aerosol, may reduce the cooling effect of aerosol, thus leading to an increase in the greenhouse warming.


Archive | 1996

Modelling Mt. Pinatubo Climate Effects

Hans-F. Graf; Ingo Kirchner; Ingrid Schult

The climatic impact of the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption of June 1991 was studied by observations and model simulation for the first winter and summer after the eruption. A low resolution (T21) atmospheric GCM was driven by additional stratospheric aerosol derived from observations. The main results as observed and simulated are: Warming of the aerosol containing stratospheric layers resulting in an enhanced polar night jet. Reduction of the incoming shortwave radiation by 2 to 4 W/m-2. Modification of the tropospheric planetary wave structure in winter. During winter the induced advection leads to positive temperature anomalies in the lower troposphere over the midlatitude continents, while in summer the local radiation balance determines the volcanic impact and leads to slight cooling.


Umweltwissenschaften Und Schadstoff-forschung | 1992

Globale Klimaeffekte von Vulkanaerosol

Hans-F. Graf; Ingrid Schult

ZusammenfassungDie Auswirkungen stratosphärischen Aerosols auf das Klima wurden bisher sowohl mit Energiebilanzmodellen (EBM) als auch mit Modellen der allgemeinen Zirkulation der Atmosphäre (GCM) untersucht. Aus den EBMs, die generell nicht in der Lage sind, die Effekte der Zirkulation zu erfassen, ergibt sich eine Abkühlung vor allem über dem Festland, die bei Verwendung realistischer Aerosolparameter im Mittel geringer als 1 °C ist. Durch positive Rückkoppelungen von Schnee, Eis und Albedo kommt es zu besonders starken Anomalien in der kalten Jahreshälfte.Das Einbeziehen der Zirkulationseffekte in dynamischen GCMs kann durch die Überlagerung advektiver und lokaler (Strahlungs-) Effekte ganz andere Verteilungen der Temperaturanomalien hervorrufen. So wurden z.B. mit einem Aerosoltyp, der dem des El Chichón (1982) oder des Pinatubo (1991) entspricht, sogar winterliche positive Temperaturanomalien in mittleren und hohen Breiten Eurasiens modelliert, die den beobachteten Anomaliefeldern sehr ähnlich sind. Eine Modellierung der klimatischen Wirkung starker Vulkanausbrüche über mehrere Jahreszeiten macht einen stabilen Zusammenhang mit dem asiatischen Monsunsystem deutlich. Wegen der Beeinflussung des hydrologischen Systems (Schneedecke und Bodenfeuchte) in Sibirien durch den winterlichen verstärkten zonalen Transport maritimer Luft werden der Wintermonsun verlängert und der Sommermonsun in Indien abgeschwächt.Die Modellrechnungen zeigen deutlich, daß ein eventuelles Vulkansignal nur schwer in zonalen Mitteln, besser dagegen in zonal unsymmetrischen Anomalieverteilungen nachgewiesen werden könnte.


Archive | 1995

On the Interrelationship Between Recent Climate Trends, Ozone Changes and Increased Greenhouse Gas Forcing

Hans-F. Graf; Judith Perlwitz; Ingo Kirchner; Ingrid Schult

Recently considerable trends in ozone concentration with positive values mainly in the upper troposphere, and decreasing concentrations in the lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere middle and high latitudes were shown (WMO, 1992). The data basis consists approximately of 15 to 20 years of observations at various locations.


Umweltwissenschaften Und Schadstoff-forschung | 1992

Globaler Klimaeffekt von Vulkanaerosol: Aerosolbildung und Strahlungswirkung

Ingrid Schult; Hans-F. Graf

ZusammenfassungWährend untervulkanisch ungestörten Bedingungen die Gas-unnd Teilchenflüsse aus der Troposphäre für die Zusammensetzung der Stratosphäre verantwortlich sind, transportieren untergestörten Bedingungen hochreichende Vulkaneruptionenzusätzlich Aerosolteilchen und Gase direkt in die Stratosphäre. Aus den Reaktionsprodukten des Schwefeldioxids bilden sich durch die Gas-Teilchen-Umwandlung Aerosolteilchen, diemehrere Jahre in der Stratosphäre verweilen können. Die Teilchenzahldichte wird durch Koagulation, Sedimentation sowie durch Auswaschprozesse in der oberen Troposphäre verändert. Die durch Vulkaneruptionen erhöhte Teilchenzahldichte in der Stratosphäre bewirkt eine Veränderung der Strahlungsflüsse gegenüber der ungestörten Atmosphäre. Die Streustrahlung nimmt zu (besonders kräftige Dämmerungserscheinungen werden beobachtet), die direkte Sonnenstrahlung nimmt an der Erdoberfläche ab. Durch Strahlungsabsorption im Bereich der Aerosolschicht kommt es zudeutlich erhöhten Temperaturen mit Auswirkungen auf die Zirkulation.


Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols | 1996

3D-Simulation of the formation and the development of stratospheric aerosol

Claudia Timmreck; Hans-F. Graf; Johann Feichter; Ingrid Schult

Publisher Summary The microphysical box module describes the formation and the development of sulfuric acid under perturbed and unperturbed conditions. The particle distributions and concentrations, which are only developed from a prescribed SO2 source, are comparable with observations. Adding strong volcanic disturbances, the development of the aerosol spectrum is close to observations. About five to six years after the injection, the background level is reached again. 3D simulations of the Mr. Pinatubo eruption show that the optical depth is close to observations if the model circulation is forced with observations, and the tropospheric–stratospheric exchange is simulated realistically. A higher degree of correspondence will be reached when the microphysical box model is implemented in the GCM, which is currently being done.


Climate Dynamics | 1997

The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation

Johann Feichter; Ulrike Lohmann; Ingrid Schult


Nature | 1991

Climate response to smoke from the burning oil-wells in Kuwait

Stephan Bakan; Andreas Chlond; Ulrich Cubasch; Johann Feichter; Hans-F. Graf; Hartmut Grassl; Klaus Hasselmann; Ingo Kirchner; Mojib Latif; Erich Roeckner; Robert Sausen; U. Schlese; Dirk Schriever; Ingrid Schult; Udo Schumann; Frank Sielmann; W. Welke


Contributions to atmospheric physics | 1995

Recent northern winter climate trends, ozone changes and increased greenhouse gas forcing

Hans-F. Graf; Judith Perlwitz; Ingo Kirchner; Ingrid Schult

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Ulrich Cubasch

Free University of Berlin

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