İsmail Karaca

Review of Coenosia attenuata Stein and its first record as a predator of important greenhouse pests in Turkey

Greenhouses in Turkey under integrated pest management can be colonized by a high number predatory flies of the species Coenosia attenuata Stein, 1903 (Muscidae: Coenosia Meigen, 1826). Studies have shown that Coenosia predators do not simply colonize greenhouses from the outside for short periods but instead they are able to complete their developmental cycle in the greenhouse soil and can become established there for a long period of time. C. attenuata is indigenous to the Palaeotropical region. Its prey spectrum includes whiteflies, black fungus gnats and leaf-mining flies. Studies of the natural occurrence of these predaceous flies in greenhouses led to a recognition of the significance of this complex of beneficials for the control of important greenhouse pests. They can build up effective populations under greenhouse conditions, and as non-specific predators can feed on a variety of pest groups and on innocuous species.

The yellow rose aphid Rhodobium porosum: a new pest of Damask rose in Turkey.

Apterous and alate viviparous females of the yellow rose aphid, Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were collected on Damask rose, Rosa damascena Mill., in Isparta Province, Turkey. The aphid is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Brief information about the invasive yellow rose aphid, including its distribution in Isparta Province and a key to the apterous females of aphid species known to infest Damask rose in Turkey, is provided.

Fruit tree Aphids and their natural enemies in Isparta region,Turkey

Fourteen aphid species belonging to eight genera and three families of the superfamily Aphidoidea were presented from Isparta region in fruit tree orchards. Among these, Dysaphis plantaginea, Aphis pomi and Dysaphis devecta, which cause harm to apples, are the most common species in the area because of the high amount of apple production. In addition, eight species from the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), three from Syrphidae (Diptera) and one species from Forficulidae (Dermaptera) were found as predator. Totally, eight species were determined as parasitoids from the families Aphidiidae, Aphelinidae and Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera).

Primary studies on the parasitoid fauna of Coccoidea in cultivated and non-cultivated areas in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey

The parasitoid fauna of Coccoidea in cultivated and noncultivated areas was studied in the east Mediterranean region of Turkey in 1994–1997. In total, 25 parasitoid species belonging to Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, and Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) were reared from 21 different scale hosts. On crop plants, mainly citrus and peach, 13 parasitoids from eleven Coccoidea hosts were determined while 14 parasitoid species were obtained from twelve scale insects on non-cultivated plants. Seven parasitoid species are new records for the Turkish insect fauna. Only one of them was found on citrus, while the other six species were sampled in non-cultivated areas.The most common parasitoids encountered wereAphytis melinus DeBach,Encarsia berlesei (Howard) (Aphelinidae),comperiella bifasciata Howard (Encyrtidae), andMetaphycus flavus (Howard) (Eulophidae) in cultivated areas andCoccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) in non-cultivated areas. All other parasitoids species were obtained only from a few scale insects hosts.ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Parasitoiden-Fauna der Coccoidea in landwirtschaftlich genutzten und nicht genutzten Gebieten der östlichen Mittelmeer-Region der Türkei in der Zeit von 1994–1997 untersucht. Insgesamt konnten 25 Parasitoiden-Arten aus den Familien Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae und Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) aus 21 verschiedenen Schildlaus-Wirten gezogen werden. Von den Kulturpflanzen, vor allem von Zitrus und Pfirsich, wurden 13 Parasitoide aus 11 Coccoidea-Wirten gewonnen, während 14 Parasitoiden-Arten aus 12 Schildlaus-Wirten von den Wildpflanzen stammten. Bei sieben Parasitoiden-Arten handelt es sich um Neubeschreibungen der türkischen Insektenfauna. Nur eine von diesen wurde auf Zitrus beobachtet, während die anderen sechs Arten aus nicht bewirtschafteten Gebieten stammten.Die geläufigsten der ermittelten Parasitoiden-Arten warenAphytis melinus DeBach,Encarsia berlesei (Howard) (Aphelinidae),Comperiella bifasciata Howard (Encyrtidae) sowieMetaphycus flavus (Howard) (Eulophidae) auf den bewirtschafteten undCoccophagus lycimnia (Walker) (Aphelinidae) auf den nicht bewirtschafteten Flächen. Alle anderen Parasitoiden-Arten wurden auf nur wenigen Schildlaus-Wirten beobachtet.

Investigations on pests, diseases and present early warning system of apple orchards in Isparta, Turkey

As a result of three year surveys performed in the apple orchards in Isparta region, 19 pest species belonging to 4 orders were determined and it was found that the main pest was codling moth. Most of the predators and parasitoids were effective against aphids and they were mostly found in the orchards where selective pesticides were used. Apple scab and powdery mildew were the most common and important diseases. Biology of codling moth and apple scab in the region were investigated. By using the obtained data, proper application times were given and some recommendations regarding integrated pest management program in apple orchards, were summarized.

Enzyme variation among some southwest Turkey populations of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch

Ten different two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) populations were collected from greenhouses in two geographically different regions of Turkey, Antalya and Isparta. Individual spider mites were homogenized in microplates using multi-homogenizer, and the genetic variations in the esterase of these populations were studied by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results showed that esterase enzymes were polymorphic in all populations in both regions. However more intrapopulation and interpopulation variations were observed in the population from Antalya region.

First record of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), in Turkey

In this study, the occurrence of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) was recorded for the first time on Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) leaves in Turkey. In addition the generalist predator Anthocoris nemoralis Fabricius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and the parasitoid of the red gum lerp psyllid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were also found as natural enemies. P. bliteus is also for the first time recorded in Turkey.

Note on Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette, 1908) (Hemiptera: Aphididae): a new pest of Damask rose in Turkey

Alate viviparous females of Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette) were found on a Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) plantation in Isparta Province, Turkey. The aphid is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Besides, Damask rose is a new host for this species. Brief information about this aphid including a key to the alate females of aphid species known to infest Damask rose in Turkey is provided.

Chalcidoid parasitoids of overwintered pupae of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in hazelnut plantations of Turkey's central Black Sea region

Abstract Overwintered pupae of fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), were collected from 38 hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae)) plantations in Samsun province, Turkey, in 2008 and 2009. Four chalcidoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) species were reared: Chouioia cunea Yang (Eulophidae), Conomorium amplum (Walker), Dibrachys boarmiae (Walker), and Psychophagus omnivorus (Walker) (Pteromalidae). Overall parasitism was 11.97% and 4.84% for 2008 and 2009, respectively; species richness on sites ranged from one to three species. Psychophagus omnivorus parasitised 6.7% of all pupae and comprised 79% of chalcidoid rearings. Chouioia cunea had the highest clutch average (117) and female:male ratio (44.5:1). Records of Chouioia cunea and Conomorium amplum are new for Turkey and, except for P. omnivorus, all parasitoids are new records for H. cunea in Turkey.

The chalcid parasitoid complex (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) associated with the globose scale (Sphaerolecanium prunastri Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Isparta Province, Turkey and some east European countries

The globose scale (GS) Sphaerolecanium prunastri Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) is a common and harmful soft scale species which attacks Prunus spp. and other stone fruit trees throughout the Holarctic, including the Isparta Province of Turkey. A study is being undertaken on the phenology of GS in Isparta Province and, in particular, the chalcidoid parasitoids are being studied for their possible role in biocontrol of GS. Five study sites were chosen as representative of the stone fruit-growing area of the Isparta region.This is the first study on the phenology, degree of plant damage and host-parasitoid relations of this scale in Turkey. The experimental sites included three in which pesticides were being used and two that were undisturbed conserved areas. The 15 species of chalcidoid parasitoids of GS known for the south-eastern Europe are listed, and a comparison of the parasitoid complexes of Turkey and some of other European countries is given. The observations revealed that the scale was heavily parasitized in the unsprayed plots. Parasitism by the chalcidoid complexes did not differ in seasonal occurrence and abundance, and was stable. The main primary parasitoid of GS was Discodes coccophagus Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). The species Aprostocetus trjapitzini Kostjukov is recorded for the first time in Turkey.ZusammenfassungDie Pflaumenschildlaus (GS) Sphaerolecanium prunastri Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) ist eine verbreitete schädliche Schildlausart, die Prunus-Arten und andere Steinfruchtbäume in der Holarktis einschließlich der Provinz Isparta in der Türkei befällt. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Phänologie von GS und insbesondere die potenzielle Rolle der Schildlausparasitoide bei der biologischen Bekämpfung der GS stand im Vordergrund. Fünf Untersuchungsstandorte wurden stellvertretend für die Anbaugebiete von Steinfrüchten in der Provinz Isparta ausgewählt.Dies ist die erste Studie über die Phänologie, das Ausmaß der Pflanzenschäden und über die Wirt-Parasitoid-Beziehungen dieser Schildlaus in der Türkei. An drei der Versuchsorte wurden bisher Pestizide eingesetzt und zwei waren ungestörte Schutzgebiete. Die 15 Arten der aufgeführten Parasitoide von GS sind im Südosten Europas bekannt, und es wird ein Vergleich der parasitoiden Komplexe in der Türkei und in einigen europäischen Ländern beschrieben. Die Beobachtungen zeigten, dass die Schildlaus in den unbehandelten Parzellen stark parasitiert wurde. Der Parasitismus unterschied sich nicht hinsichtlich des saisonalen Auftretens und der Häufigkeit und erwies sich als stabil. Der Haupt-parasitoid von GS war die Schlupfwespe Dicodes coccophagus Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Über das Vorkommen der Art Aprostocetus trjapitzini Kostjukov in der Türkei wird zum ersten Mal berichtet.