J. Constantin

Período crítico de interferência de Euphorbia heterophylla na cultura da soja sob baixa densidade de semeadura

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of different periods of control or coexistence of Euphorbia heterophylla on soybean (cv. BRS-133) grain yield at low seeding rate, at Boa Terra Farm, Quarto Centenario-PR, Brazil, during 1999-2000 growing season. The treatments for both experiments consisted of keeping the crop either with or without E. heterophylla for 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 47, 54, 61 and 68 days after emergence (DAE) and during the whole cycle. At the first weeding, for those treatments kept for increasing periods with weeds, and at harvest, for those treatments kept for increasing periods free of weed competition, E. heterophylla densities and biomass were recorded. The presence of weeds caused a yield daily loss of 5.15 kg ha-1, whereas their absence provided a yield daily gain of 7.27 kg ha-1. Weed-crop coexistence for up to 17 DAE did not cause any negative effect on crop yield, and the maximum length of time in which weeds had to be controlled to prevent crop yield losses was 44 days after emergence. The critical period of interference was, therefore, from 17 to 44 DAE.

Interaction between burndown systems and post-emergence weed control affecting soybean development and yield

RESUMO - Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a interacao entre sistemas de manejo e de controle de plantas daninhas em pos-emergencia na cultura da soja, cv. BRS 154, em plantio direto em areas com expressiva cobertura vegetal. Foram avaliados 13 tratamentos, compostos por um esquema fatorial (3x4)+1. Os fatores eram constituidos por tres sistemas de manejo (dessecacao imediatamente antes da semeadura, dessecacao 10 dias antes da semeadura e dessecacao antecipada, sendo esta composta por duas aplicacoes de manejo, a primeira 24 dias antes da semeadura e a segunda na data da semeadura), quatro formas de controle das plantas daninhas apos a emergencia da cultura (nenhum controle, capina manual das parcelas, aplicacao unica e aplicacao sequencial de herbicidas) e um tratamento adicional, constituido por uma testemunha absoluta (sem manejo e sem controle em pos-emergencia). Embora a dessecacao nos diferentes sistemas de manejo tenha sido eficiente, a antecipacao da dessecacao no manejo antecipado favoreceu a emergencia e o desenvolvimento inicial da soja, proporcionando maiores ganhos de produtividade, nas condicoes de infestacao apresentadas. O sistema de manejo afetou tambem o fluxo de emergencia das plantas daninhas apos a emergencia da soja, com menos reinfestacoes no sistema de manejo antecipado, em funcao do controle dos fluxos iniciais proporcionado pela segunda aplicacao deste sistema de manejo. O manejo realizado na data da semeadura e dez dias antes prejudicou o desenvolvimento da soja, resultando em menor produtividade. O manejo antecipado, quando comparado aos demais sistemas, proporcionou maior produtividade da soja. Palavras-chave: aplicacao sequencial, dessecacao, plantio direto.

Nodulação e crescimento de variedades de soja RR sob aplicação de glyphosate, fluazifop-p-butyl e fomesafen

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the herbicides glyphosate, fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen, applied by different methods, on nodulation and initial growth of two glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean varieties. Treatments were arranged in a 6 x 2 factorial, with six herbicide application methods (no-herbicide check, fomesafen/fomesafen sequential application, fomesafen/[fomesafen+fluazifop-p-butyl sequential application], fluazifop-p-butyl single application, glyphosate/glyphosate sequential application and glyphosate single application) and two soybean varieties (BRS 245 RR and BRS 247 RR). Regarding soybean nodulation, fomesafen/fomesafen sequential application was the most selective herbicide application method. Variety BRS 245 RR was more tolerant than BRS 247 RR to the herbicides evaluated. Number and dry weight of nodules decreased after single applications of fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate.

Influência do período de restrição hídrica na atividade residual de isoxaflutole no solo

This work was carried out to evaluate the residual activity of isoxaflutole (IFT) in Brachiaria decumbens control after different simulated drought conditions following herbicide application in two soils. Six simultaneous experiments were performed, using rates of 0, 230 and 270 g ha-1 of IFT in samples of a heavy clay soil and of 0, 180 and 200 g ha-1 in samples of a sandy clay loam soil. In each experiment, rates of IFT were combined in a factorial scheme with drought periods after herbicide application. B. decumbens was used as bioindicator of the residual activity of IFT in soil. Visual control of bioindicator was evaluated at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing. IFT was very stable when applied to the heavy clay soil, even after three 20 mm simulated rain, 30 days apart from each other, and followed by 120 days of drought conditions. Stability was shorter for the sandy clay loam soil and residual activity (>80% control) ranged from 0 to 110 days for B. decumbens, depending on rate, drought periods and evaluation date. Results indicate that as period of time and number of irrigation events between herbicide application and bioindicator sowing increased, residual control of IFT decreased on the sandy clay loam soil.

Seletividade de clomazone isolado ou em mistura para a cultura do algodoeiro

Clomazone is one of the most important herbicides applied in pre-emergence in cotton, even though not much is known about its selectivity to this crop. This work was carried out to evaluate the selectivity of clomazone applied alone or in tank mixtures with other herbicides applied in pre-emergence in cotton. The experiment was designed as a randomized block, with four replicates, using two-fold checks. Thirteen treatments were evaluated, constituted by different combinations of clomazone with S-metolachlor, diuron, prometryne, alachlor, oxyfluorfen, and trifluralin. After herbicide application, visual crop injury was evaluated, as well as stand, plant height, number of bolls per plant and cotton+seed yield. Clomazone alone applied at 1.00 and 1.25 kg ha-1 or associated to S-metolachlor (0.76 kg ha-1), diuron (1.50 kg ha-1), prometryne (1.50 kg ha-1), alachlor (1.44 kg ha-1), and trifluralin (1.80 kg ha-1) was selective to cotton cv. Nu-Opal. However, its association with oxyfluorfen (1.25 + 0.19 kg ha-1), with trifluralin + diuron (1.25 + 1.80 + 1.50 kg ha-1), and with trifluralin + prometryne (1.25 + 1.80 + 1.50 kg ha-1) resulted in reduced cotton yield.

Influência do glyphosate na dessecação de capim-braquiária e sobre o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura do milho

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate rates used in the management desiccation of Brachiaria decumbens on the initial development of corn, under the apply-plant system, under greenhouse conditions. The experimental units consisted of poliethylene vases with a capacity of 5 dm3 filled with soft soil from a 0-20 cm depth layer. In each vase 0.15 g of B. decumbens were sown. Thirty-eight days after sowing (DAS), glyphosate was applied at seven rates (0, 540, 1.080, 1.620, 2.160, 2.700 and 3.240 g a.i ha-1), plus an absolute control without glyphosate or B.decumbens. Two types of management were studied, namely: no- pruning, where the crop was sown 48 hours after application, and pruning, where 48 hours after application, the B. decumbens plants were cut at soil level and the subsequent straw was removed. Shading promoted by the presence of the straw covering B. decumbens plants in the absence of cutting, weakened the corn. The higher rates of glyphosate applied over B. decumbens plants tended to generate reductions at the initial development of the crop, regardless of the presence or absence of straw.

Selectivity of Herbicide Alternatives for Two Cassava Cultivars

It is important to evaluate the tolerance of cassava varieties under new weed chemical control alternatives. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides, applied at pre-emergence, for two important cassava varieties grown in the state of Parana, Brazil. The herbicides and respective doses (g a.i. ha-1) were: diuron (400 and 800), metribuzin (360 and 720), isoxaflutole (60), atrazine (720), S-metolachlor (1,920) and mixtures ametryn+clomazone (1,350+1,900), ametryn + trifluralin (1,500+1,350), isoxaflutole + metribuzin (60+320), isoxaflutole + diuron (60+400), combined with the use of a dual checkl adjacent to each treatment. The cultivars used were Fecula Branca and Fibra. Only herbicide S-metolachlor applied on both cultivars and metribuzin (360 g a.e. ha-1) applied on Fibra did not cause any injury. Atrazine reduced plant density only for Fecula Branca at 60 DAS (days after seeding) but no difference in plant height was detected. Atrazine reduced plant density for cultivar Fecula Branca at 60 DAS, but no plant height reduction was detected. Both atrazine (for both cultivars) and diuron at a dose of 800 g a.i. ha-1 (for Fecula Branca) affected root productivity. Thus, atrazine was considered non-selective for both cultivars and the highest diuron dose was also considered non-selective for the cultivar Fecula branca. Differences in tolerance were verified among the cultivars used in this experiment, with Fibra in general being more tolerant to the herbicides evaluated.

Estimativa do período que antecede a interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja, Var. Coodetec 202, por meio de testemunhas duplas

This work aimed to evaluate the period before weed interference in soybeans, var. Coodetec 202, in a no-till area in Maringa, PR, using two-fold checks. The main weed in this area after crop installation was Bidens pilosa, averaging from 50 to70 plants m-2. Other minor weeds were Euphorbia heterophylla, Brachiaria plantaginea, Sida rhombifolia, Acanthospermum hispidum, Commelina benghalensis, Cenchrus echinatus and Desmodium tortuosum. The crop was kept free of weed interference during initial periods after crop emergence (7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 days after emergence and for the whole the crop cycle 118 days). After each consortium period, weeds were manually eliminated, as well as the new weeds thereafter, until crop harvest. Two additional standards with pre- and post-emergence herbicide treatments were also evaluated. For weed interference periods e > 14 days, there was a significant soybean yield decrease. Using two-fold checks, it was established that the period before weed interference must be10 days after soybean emergence. Yield losses ranged from 16.8% (weed interference for 14 days after crop emergence) to 28.03% (interference for the entire cycle). Yield loss estimate by delaying weed control up to 18 days after crop emergence (timing for post-emergence control) was 452 kg ha-1 (16,74%).

Supressão imposta pelo mesotrione a Brachiaria brizantha em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

Mesotrione is an important herbicide applied to corn, but little is known about the susceptibility of species, such as Brachiaria brizantha to this herbicide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suppression imposed by mesotrione in Brachiaria brizantha, intercropped with maize. The trial was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications, corresponding to seven doses of mesotrione (0; 12; 24; 48; 96; 144 and 192 g ha-1), a control (corn without interference) and a treatment with beard grass grown as a single. Both crops were sown on the same day. The herbicide was applied at 20 days after emergence of the species. Mesotrione showed the greatest potential for plant toxicity in B. brizantha plants, when applied at a dose of 192 g ha-1. However, grass forage showed satisfactory tolerance to the herbicide, indicating potential use in crop-livestock systems. The inter-specific competition led to reductions in corn yield, and the best dose-response relationship to benefit both cultures was obtained by using 96 g ha-1 of mesotrione.

Prevenção de injúrias causadas por glyphosate em soja RR por meio do uso de aminoácido

Glyphosate-resistant (RR) soybean crop areas have expanded every year. However, as a result of this expansion, the use of glyphosate has significantly increased, with the appearance of visual injuries in RR soybeans immediately after post-emergence application of the herbicide. Thus, two experiments were conducted in different years with different objectives. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the influence of glyphosate on photosynthetic variables and biomass production. The second experiment aimed to re-evaluate the same parameters affected in RR soybeans by glyphosate, as well as the use of various methods of amino acid application, as a form of a likely recovery of the soybean plants following these exogenous applications. The photosynthetic rate and SPAD index decreased as the glyphosate rate increased, with a pronounced decrease after a single herbicide application. Overall, due to a decrease in the photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll production, as well as to a likely immobilization of shoot nutrient concentration by glyphosate, a significant biomass decrease was verified in the treatments with glyphosate application. However, the use of exogenous amino acids may be a strategy to safeguard the undesirable effects of this herbicide on RR soybean.