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Featured researches published by J. Tupý.


Sexual Plant Reproduction | 1992

Derepression of the cell cycle by starvation is involved in the induction of tobacco pollen embryogenesis

Viktor Žárský; D. Garrido; L. Říhová; J. Tupý; Oscar Vicente; Erwin Heberle-Bors

SummaryMicrospectrophotometry following Feulgen staining and autoradiography following (3H)-thymidine labelling were used to study cell-cycle events during pollen development in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). During normal gametophytic pollen development in the anther and in vitro the generative nucleus passes through the S phase to the G2 phase soon after microspore mitosis, while the vegetative nucleus remains arrested in G1 (=G0). During embryogenie induction by an in vitro starvation treatment of immature pollen ongoing DNA replication in the generative nucleus is completed and followed by DNA replication in the vegetative cell in a large fraction of the pollen grains. Addition of the DNA replication inhibitor hydroxyurea to the starvation medium postpones S phase entry until the pollen is transferred to a rich medium and does not affect embryo formation. These results demonstrate that one of the crucial events of embryogenic induction is the derepression of the G1 arrest in the cell cycle of the vegetative cell.


Biologia Plantarum | 1982

Alterations in polyadenylated RNA during pollen maturation and germination

J. Tupý

Developmental changes in poly(A)-bearing RNA in male tobacco gametophyte were examined by sedimentation analysis and by hybridization with3H-poly(U). The results indicate that the transition of microspore undergoing postmeiotic division to mature pollen is accompanied by characteristic changes in RNA and poly(A) content and the size of poly(A)+RNA.The volume of pollen grain increases about 2times, total RNA per grain from 34 to 230 pg and poly(A) from 22 to 450 fg, which together with the estimated increase in the number average size of poly(A)+RNA from 700 to 2 100 nucleotides suggests an approx. rise of RNA containing poly(A) from 0.3 to 2.7% of total RNA. Size distribution of the populations of polyadenylated RNAs shows progressive formation of species with a higher molecular mass and differentiation of the pollen-characteristic pattern with main sedimentation maxima close to 12S, 19S and 26S. This pattern remains almost unchanged during 8 h of pollen tube growth and is also found in polysomes formed at the beginning of germination. The amount of poly(A) decreases gradually after the onset of soaking at a rate of slightly more than 1 % per h within 24 h of pollen cultivation.As a whole, the results demonstrate that in the course of pollen maturation a specific population of polyadenylated mRNAs is formed which persists as stored mRNA in quiescent pollen and is used as template during-pollen tube formation.


Journal of Plant Physiology | 1984

Changes and Growth Effect of pH in Pollen Tube Culture

J. Tupý; Ludmila Řhová

pH 5.9 is optimal for tobacco pollen tube growth in suspension culture. Little pH changes of sugar-mineral medium result from the release of surface-linked compounds from pollen grains. Germination and pollen tube growth bring about a progressive medium acidification resulting in total growth inhibition. An increase of the buffering capacity of the culture medium enhances pollen tube growth. When the pH was kept near the optimum by 25 mM MES-KOH buffer, pollen tubes grew for 4 days and in the presence of casein hydrolysate they reached a length of up to about 4 cm. The growth related acidification of the medium is independent of the presence of mineral cations and is not due to the hydration of respiratory CO(2). It is suggested that it is brought about by proton secretion from pollen tubes.


Biologia Plantarum | 1983

Developmental changes in gene expression during pollen differentiation and maturation inNicotiana tabacum L

J. Tupý; J. Süss; Eva Hrabětová; L. Říhová

Total and polysome-bound ribosomes and the uptake and incorporation of3H-uridine and14C-leucine were examined in dividing microspores and in pollen grains isolated from anthers of 6 different developmental stages. Direct evidence was obtained that the formation of cytoplasm of the vegetative cell following microspore division is related to a rapid activation of RNA and protein synthesis and of ribosomes in differentiating pollen. Total ribosomes associated with gametophytic programme rose about 10times and the process of differentiation was accompanied by a rapid increase in uptake capacity of pollen grains for both uridine and leucine. Pollen development after cytoplasm synthesis and starch deposition continued by pollen maturation, which was characterized by a decline in RNA synthesis, dissociation of polysomes and by a further rise of transport activity of pollen grain wall for exogenous substrates, indicating probable pollen adaptation for utilization of metabolites from the degenerating tapetal cytoplasm.


Biologia Plantarum | 1959

Callose formation in pollen tubes and incompatibility

J. Tupý

SouhrnBylo sledováno množství kallosy v kompatibilních a inkompatibilních pylových láčkách kulturní odrůdy jabloně (Pirus malus L.) a tabáaku (Nicotiana alata LINK et OTTO) po zbarvení resorcinovou modří. Poněvadž je toto barvení specifické na kallosu, je velmi vhodné k selektivnímu barvení pylových láček v čnělkovém pletivu. V inhibovaných lčkách vyrostlých po samosprášení je kallosy relativné k jejich délce nejméne dvakrát tolik než v normálně rostoucích láčkách kompatibilnich. Toto je dáno u jabloně především větši dùlkou kallosových zátek, u tabáku vedle toho větší jejich hustotou. V láčkách kompatibilních se kallosa ukládá pravidelněji než v láčkách inkompatibilních. Intensita hromadění kallosy se v jabloňových láčkách obojího typu zvyšuje s časem. Jejich růst se naopak postupně zpomaluje. Oba tyto jevy jsou patrny přdevším u láček inkompatibilních. Obecně tedy existuje nepřímý vztah mezi množstvím kallosy v pylových láčkách a rychlostí jejich růstu. Byla vyslovena domněnka, že fysiologická podstata tvorby kallosy spočívá v omezené schopnosti pylových láček využívat v procesu dýchání pyranovou složku metabolisované sacharosy. Glukopyranosa může podle této představy v pylových láčkách sloužit převážně ke stavbě jejich blan, jejý přebytek, který vzniká zvláště v připadě omezeného růstu, se v nich ukládá ve formě polyglukosidu kallosy.Summary1. Attention is called to the possibility of using resoroin blue for the staining of pollen tubes within the style tissue and the method of staining is described.2. In pollen tubes, the growth of which is inhibited due to incompatibility, there is at least twice the amount of callose relatively to their length as there is in normally growing compatible tubes. In apple this is primarily due to the greater length of the callose plugs, in tobacco also to their greater density.3. The regularity of the formation of callose in pollen tubes increases with the rate of their growth.4. It is suggested that the physiological basis of callose formation consists in the limited capacity of pollen tubes to use the pyran components of metabolized saccharose in the process of respiration.беЧюмеMы изyчaли кOличectbo кaллoзы b cobmectимых и hecobmectиmыX tpyбкax пыльцы кsльtyphыX coptob яблohи (Pirus malus L.) и taбaka (Nicotiana alata Link et Otto) пocлe Oкpacки иx; peзopциhoboй cиheй. Taк кaк oкpacкa яbляetcя cпeцифичecкoй пo othoшehию к кaллoзe, to Oha becьma yдOбha дл я ceлeкtиbhoгO Oкpaшиbahия пыльцebыX tpyбOк b tкahяX пectикa. B иhгибиpobahhыx tpyб кax, paзbиbшиxcя пOCлe camooпылehия, кOл ичectbo кaллoзы пo othoшehию к иX дл иhe he mehee, чem b дba paзa зabышeho пo cpabhehию C hopmaльho pactyщиmи CObmecthmыmи tpyбкamи. ЭTO яbлehиe y яблOhи bызbaho, пpeждe bceгo, бoльшeй длиhoй кaллoзhыx зatычe к, y taбaкa, кpome toгo, eщe и бoльшeй иx гyctoto й. B cobmectиmыx tpyбкax кaллoзa otклaдыbaetcя бoлee peгyляpho, чem b hecobmecthmыx. Иhtehcиbhoctь haкoпл ehия кaллoзы oбoиx Tипob пыльцebыx tpyбoк яблohи пobы шaetcя co bpemehem. Haoбopot, poct иx пocteпehho зameдляetcя. Oбa эtи яbлehия зamethы, пpe ждe bceгo, y hecobmectиmыx tpyбoк. Cлeдobateльho, oбщ иm яbлehиem яbляetcя кocbehhoe othoшehиe meждy кo личectbom кaллoзы b пыльцebыx tpyбкax и Cкopoctью иx pocta.Bыcкaзaho пpeдпoлoжehиe, чto физиoлoг ичecкaя cyщhoctь oбpaзobahия кaллoзы зaклюaetcя b oгpahичehhoй cпocoбhoctи пыл ьцebыx tpyбoк иcпoльзobatь b пpoцecce дыxahия пиpahobyю чactь metaбoлизиpobahhoй caxapoзы. Глюкoпиpahoзa, cлeдyя эtomy пpeдctabлehию, cлyжиt b пыльцebыx tpy бкax пpeиmyщectbehho для пoctpoйки иx ctehoк. Ee избыtoк, boзhикaющий ocoбehho b cлyчae oгpahичehhoгo pocta, otклaды baetcя b фopme пoлиглюкoзидa кaллoз ы.


Biologia Plantarum | 1985

Protein changes during pollen development inNicotiana tabacum L.

V. Zárský; Věra Čapková; Eva Hrabětová; J. Tupý

Developmental variations in the amount and SDS-PAGE pattern of soluble proteins and of those. bound to heavy cell structures were examined during transition of the dividing microspore into mature pollen in tobacco cultivars Samsun and White Burley. Both protein fractions exhibited an initial rapid rise associated with young pollen grain filling with cytoplasm and a slight decrease during pollen maturation after starch deposition. These changes were more marked in the soluble fraction and the total protein content at its maximum was more than three times higher than at the stage of microspore mitosis. Most of about 70 distinct polypeptides detected were found in all stages. Stage specific variations concerned a progressive increase and changes in the proportion of existing proteins and in appearance of some minor peaks. Small differences between the cultivars were observed at the time of differentiation and in proportions of some polypeptides.


Sexual Plant Reproduction | 1988

Protein synthesis in pollen tubes: preferential formation of new species independent of transcription

Věra Čapková; Eva Hrabětová; J. Tupý

SummaryPollen tubes grown in vitro were pulselabelled for 5–30 min with [14C]amino acids, and the proteins analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. In Nicotiana tabacum, the qualitative pattern of the synthesized proteins did not change significantly when the pollen was cultured for 1–24 h in different media, but total protein synthesis declined as pollen tube growth slowed down and was very low in non-growing tubes. The patterns showed preferential synthesis of proteins with apparent molecular masses of 63 and 65 kDa. The 65 kDa species, which is not synthesized during pollen maturation and is absent in ungerminated pollen grains, appears as the most intensely labelled band in both soluble and insoluble protein fractions, but accumulates as a protein non-covalently bound to pollen structures. It is also preferentially synthesized in N. sylvestris, N. alata, and in apple pollen tubes, and probably plays an important role in tube wall formation. In Nicotiana tabacum, the labelling of the 65 kDa, protein is not specifically reduced upon strong inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D, which indicates a post-transcriptional level of induction of its synthesis in germinating pollen.


Biologia Plantarum | 1984

Purification and properties of extracellular nuclease from tobacco pollen

J. Matoušek; J. Tupý

Proteins diffusing from tobacco pollen grains exhibit different phosphohydrolytic activities. Molecular sieving produces nuclease fractionation into forms I, II and III with apparent molecular masses ≥ 60 × 103, 32.9 × 103 and 24.6 × 103, respectively, and separation of principal forms II and III from phosphatase and major part of 5′- and 3′-nucleotidase activities. These forms did not differ in the mode of substrate attack and were combined for further enzyme characterization.The preparation had 3′-nueleotidase activity even after further purification by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The enzyme is an endonuclease with preference for single stranded molecules. The endolytical cleavage of native DNA occurs simultaneously in both strands and generates limit products of about 58 pairs of nucleotides. DNA duplex polymers are also cleaved by a terminally-directed, exonuclease-like process. The products of DNA degradation are oligonucleotides and 5′-mononucleotides. In the presence of NaCl, both endolytical and exonucleaselike activities on bihelical DNA are inhibited and the proportion of mono-to oligonucleotides produced increases. The enzyme can rapidly convert superhelical plasmid DNA to a nicked open circular form, and then to a unit-length linear molecule.On the basis of these properties and of those found earlier (sugar-unspecificity, acidic pH optimum, activation by Zn2+ ions), the extracellular nuclease of tobacco pollen can be classified as plant nuclease I (EC 3.1.30.x).


Biologia Plantarum | 1960

Sugar absorption, callóse formation and the growth rate of pollen tubes.

J. Tupý

SouhrnZávislost rychlosti r⫲stu pylových láček jabloně na čase je při 25°C v 10% roztoku sacharosy bez boru či s borem (0,001% H3BO3) prakticky lineární po dobu 6 hod., u pomaleji rostoucího pyluNicotiana alata dochází k poklesu růstové rychlosti teprve po 10 až 15 hod.Většina sacharosy v kultivačním roztoku je pylovými láčkami invertována. Rychlost této reakce se s časem až do vyčerpání substrátu zvyšuje. S poklesem koncentrace sacharosy na 5%, ke které dochází především v důsledku její inverse, klesá rychlost růstu pylových láček. V roztoku samotného invertu je klíčení pylu nepatrné. To znamená, že inversí je sacharosa vzhledem k možnosti jejího využití pylovými láčkami znehodnocována.Rostoucí pylové láčky přijímají z kultivačního roztoku sacharosu. Množství přijímané sacharosy klesá přibližně stejnë jako rychlost jejich růstu. Z toho lze usoudit, že hromadění kallosy v pylových láčkách během zpomalování jejich růstu není způsobeno zvýšením podílu glukosy nevyužité ke stavbě jejich blan. Jestliže dále nebyla při omezení růstu láček zjištěna v kultivačním roztoku změna v poměru glukosy a fruktosy, vyplývá z toho, že nejspíše dochází během snižování růstové rychlosti a zvýšeného hromadění kallosy k poklesu prodýchávaného podílu glukopyranosové složky přijaté sacharosy.Proporcionálně se stimulací růstu láček podporuje u nich bor příjem sacharosy. Je tedy možné, že s metabolismem glycidů souvisí princip stimulačního působení boru na růst. Vzhledem k tomu, že růst láček je borem urychlován ještě v době, kdy rostou převážně nebo zcela na účet reservních látek v pylovém zrnu a ke známému stimulačnímu působení boru v destilované vodě, nemusí zde jít primárně o translokaci glycidů do láček, nýbrž spíše o rychlost jejich metabolismu.Summary1.The growth rate of apple pollen tubes at a temperature of 25°C in 10% sucrose solution, with or without boron (0·001% H3BO3), shows a practically linear relation to time for 6 hours;Nicotiana alata pollen tubes, which are slower in growth, show a decrease in growth rate after 10 to 15 hours.2.The greater part of the sucrose in the culture solution is inverted by the pollen tubes. The rate of this reaction increases with time until the substrate is exhausted. When the sucrose concentration drops to 5%, chiefly as a result of the inversion process, the growth rate of the pollen tubes decreases.3.The growing pollen tubes absorb sucrose from the culture solution. Exogenous utilization of sucrose was evident in the case of apple pollen after 3 hours, inNicotiana pollen after 6 to 8 hours of incubation.4.In view of the close correspondence between the decrease in the intensity of sucrose absorption by the pollen tubes and the decrease in their growth rate, it may be concluded that the accumulation of callose in pollen tubes while their growth rate is decreasing is not due to any rise in the proportion of glucose not utilized for cell-wall formation. Further, if no change in the glucose: fructose ratio is observed in the culture solution at the time when pollen tube growth is slowed down, it follows that reduction in growth rate and increase in callose accumulation is most probably accompanied by a drop in respiration of glucopyranose component of the absorbed sucrose.5.Boron encourages sucrose absorption proportionally to the stimulation of pollen tube growth. It is, therefore, possible that the stimulatory effect of boron on growth is connected with carbohydrate metabolism. In view of the fact that pollen tube growth is accelerated by boron at the time when the tubes are still drawing to a great extent or exclusively on the reserve substances in the pollen grain- and in view of the well-known stimulatory effect of boron in distilled water — it follows that the main factor is not necessarily the translocation of carbohydrates into the pollen tubes, but that it is rather a question of the rate of their metabolism.РезюмеЗависимость скорости роста пыльцевых трубок от времени в 10%-ном растворе сахарозы без бора или же с бором (0,01% H3BO3) при температуре 25°C является в течение первых 6 часов почти линейной. У более медленно прорастающей пыльцы Nicotiana alata падение скорости роста имеет место лишь через 10–15 часов.Большая часть сахарозы из питательной среды инвертируется пыльцевыми трубками. Скорость этой реакции возрастает пропорционально времени вплоть до полного израсходования субстрата. С понижением концентрации сахароэы до 5%, что происходит прежде всего в результате инверсии, скорость роста пыльцевых трубок падает. В растворе инвертированного сахара прорастание пыльцы происходит лишь в незначительной мере. Это значит, что инверсией возможность использования сахарозы пыльцевыми трубками, повидимомы, снижается.Из питательного раствора растущие пыльцевые трубки принимают сахарозу.На основании почти полного сходства кривых, обозначающих падение интенсивности потребления пыльцевыми трубками сахарозы и падения скорости их роста можно предположить что накопление каллозы в пыльцевых трубках по ходу замедления их роста не вызвано тем, что часть глюкозы не изпользуется для построения клеточной оболочки. Кроме того, если при ограниченном росте пыльдевых трубок в питательном растворе не было установлено изменение отношения глюкозы и фруктозы, то из этого вытекает, что при снижении скорости роста и накоплении каллозы имеет место, скорее всего, сокращение количества глюкопиранозы, расходуемой при дыхании.Пропорционально стимуляции роста пыльдевых трубок бор содействует также повышению количества потребляемой сахарозы. Поэтому не исключено, что стимуляция роста в присутствии бора в принципе связана с действием последнего на обмен углеводов. Так как рост пыльцевых трубок стимулируется бором еще в то время, когда они большей частью или полностью развиваются за счет запасных веществ, содержащихся в пыльцевом зерне, и также учитывая известный факт стимуляционного действия бора в дистиллированной воде, можно предположить, что в данном случае стимуляция первично не связана с перемещением углеводов в пыльцевые трубки, а скорее со скоростью их метаболизма.


Biologia Plantarum | 1961

Investigation of free amino-acids in cross-, self- and non-pollinated pistils ofNicotiana alata

J. Tupý

RŮst pylových láček vyvolává ve čnělce změny v hladině volnýeh aminokyselin. To bylo prokázáno u alaninu, valinu, leucinu — isoleucinu, serinu, threoninu, kyseliny γ-aminomáselné, asparaginu, kyseliny glutamové a prolinu. Tyto změny se uskutečňují hlavně v těch částech čnělky, kde se nalézají pylové láčky.Především dochází ke zvyšování hladiny kyseliny γ-aminomáseìné a alaninu a k úbytku kyseliny glutamové. Intensita těchto jevŮ je mnohem výraznější po opylení kompatibilním než v příipadě inkompatibilní autogamie. Jejich podstata je vysvětlována na základě předpokládaného hlavního směru katabolismu kyseliny γ-aminomáselné a alaninu cestou transaminace s kyselinou α-ketoglutarovou relativním nedostatkem této ketokyseliny.Při snížené hladině glycidŮ dochází v opylenýoh čně1kách k akumulaci asparaginu. V cizoprášenych čnělkáeh se zvyšuje jeho hladina podstatně rychleji než, po samosprážení. Jestliže je hromadění asparaginu dŮsledkem intensivnějšího prodýchávaní bílkovin při nedostatku cukrŮ, vyplývá z uvedeného stejně jako z předešlé práce (TUPý 1961), že pylové láčky využívají z čnělkového pletiva. substráty pro dýchání a že je tento proces omezován při jejich inkompatibilitní inhibici.V semenících opylených květŮ se zvyšuje již v době, kdy pylové láčky prorustají čnělkou, hladina kyseliny γ-aminomáselné a alaninu. Kvantitativně je toto zvýšení přímo závislé na rychlosti rŮstu láček dané kompatibilním či inkompatibilním charakterem přílušného opylení.SummaryThe growth of pollen tubes evokes changes in the level of free amino-acids in the style. This has been demonstrated in the cases of alanine, valine, leucine—isoleucine, serine, threonine, γ-aminobutyric acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and proline. These changes take place mainly in the parts of the style where the pollen tubes are present.The most marked changes are an increase in the level of γ-aminobutyric acid and alanine and a decrease in glutamic acid. The intensity of these processes is much greater following compatible pollination than in the case of incompatible autogamy. On the assumption that the main course of γ-aminobutyric acid and alanine katabolism takes place by transamination with α-ketoglutaric acid, the basic nature of the above changes is explained as being due to a relative deficiency of the latter acid.Alongside a reduction in the level of sugars an accumulation of asparagine takes place in pollinated styles. The rise in its level is considerably more rapid in cross-pollinated than in self-pollinated styles. If accumulation of asparagine is a result of more intensive consumption of proteins during respiration when there is a scarcity of sugars, it follows from the above results as from previous work (TUPý 1961), that pollen tubes use substrates from the style tissues for respiration and that this process is limited in the case of incompatible inhibition.At the time when the pollen tubes are growing through the styles, the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and alanine are already rising in the ovaries of pollinated flowers. This increase is quantitatively in direct ratio to the rate of pollen tube growth, which depends on the compatible or incompatible character of the pollination.AbstractPOCT пыльцевых трубок вы пывает в пестике изме нения содержания сво бодных амниоокислот, Это пок азанн для аланина, вал ина, лейцина-изолейци а, серина, треонина, γ-аминомасляной кисл олы, аспарагина, глута миновой кислоты и про лина. Д,анные изменения осу ществляются прежде всего в Tex частях песлик а, где находятся пыльцевые трубки.Πрежде всего повышае тся содердание γ-амин омаслной кислоты и ал анина и падает содержание глутамин овой кислоты. Данные явления гораздо инте нсивнее в слуяае совместимого опылен ия чем в случае несовм естимой автогамии.Β случае понижения содержания глицидов в пестиках накаплива етса аспарагин. Β перекрестно опылен ных пестиках повышае тся его содержание бы стее чем в случае самоопыления. Β том случае, что накоплени е аспарагина являетс я следствнем более интенсивного расход ования белков на дыха ние пV440;и недостатке гл ицидов, то отсюда, также как и из предыду щей работы (TUPý 1961), вытекае т, что пыльцевые трубк и пользуются субстрат ами для дыхания из тка ней пестиков и что это т процесс, ограничен в, случае их ингибиц,ии в результате несовме стимости.

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Eva Hrabětová

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

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Věra Balatková

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

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Věra Čapková

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

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L. Říhová

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

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J. Süss

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

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Viktor Žárský

Charles University in Prague

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Jaroslav Matoušek

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

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Věra Čapková-Balatková

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

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Eva Petrů

Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

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Helena Štorchová

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

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