Jim-Min Lin

Concurrent Error Detection in Montgomery Multiplication over GF(2m)

Because fault-based attacks on cryptosystems have been proven effective, fault diagnosis and tolerance in cryptography have started a new surge of research and development activity in the field of applied cryptography. Without magnitude comparisons, the Montgomery multiplication algorithm is very attractive and popular for Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems. This paper will design a Montgomery multiplier array with a bit-parallel architecture in GF(2m) with concurrent error detection capability to protect it against fault-based attacks. The robust Montgomery multiplier array with concurrent error detection requires only about 0.2% extra space overhead (if m = 512 is as an example) and requires four extra clock cycles compared to the original Montgomery multiplier array without concurrent error detection.

Concurrent Error Detection in a Bit-Parallel Systolic Multiplier for Dual Basis of GF(2m)

The finite field is widely used in error-correcting codes and cryptography. Among its important arithmetic operations, multiplication is identified as the most important and complicated. Therefore, a multiplier with concurrent error detection ability is elegantly needed. In this paper, a concurrent error detection scheme is presented for bit-parallel systolic dual basis multiplier over GF(2m) according to the Fenn’s multiplier in [7]. Although, the proposed method increases the space complexity overhead about 27% and the latency overhead about one extra clock cycle as compared to Fenn’s multiplier. Our analysis shows that all single stuck-at faults can be detected concurrently.

Concurrent Error Detection and Correction in Gaussian Normal Basis Multiplier over GF(2^m)

Fault-based cryptanalysis has been developed to effectively break both private-key and public-key cryptosystems, making robust finite field multiplication a very important research topic in recent years. However, no robust normal basis multiplier has been proposed in the literature. Therefore, this investigation presents a semisystolic Gaussian normal basis multiplier. Based on the proposed Gaussian normal basis multiplier, both concurrent error detection and correction capabilities can be easily achieved using time redundancy technology with no hardware modification.

Concurrent Error Detection in a Polynomial Basis Multiplier over GF(2m)

Eliminating cryptographic computation errors is vital for preventing attacks. A simple approach is to verify the correctness of the cipher before outputting it. The multiplication is the most significant arithmetic operation among the cryptographic computations. Hence, a multiplier with concurrent error detection ability is urgently necessary to avert attacks. Employing the re-computing shifted operand concept, this study presents a semi-systolic array polynomial basis multiplier with concurrent error detection with minimal area overhead. Moreover, the proposed multiplier requires only two extra clock cycles while traditional multipliers using XOR trees consume at least

Low-Latency Digit-Serial Systolic Double Basis Multiplier over

\left\lceil {\log _2 m} \right\rceil

Using Subquadratic Toeplitz Matrix-Vector Product Approach

extra XOR gate delays in GF(2m) fields.

Unified parallel systolic multiplier over GF(2 m )

A Montgomerys algorithm in GF(2m) based on the Hankel matrix–vector representation is proposed. The hardware architecture obtained from this algorithm indicates low-complexity bit-parallel systolic multipliers with irreducible trinomials. The results reveal that the proposed multiplier saves approximately 36% of space complexity as compared to an existing systolic Montgomery multiplier for trinomials. A scalable and systolic Montgomery multiplier is also developed by applying the block-Hankel matrix–vector representation. The proposed scalable systolic architecture is demonstrated to have significantly less time–area product complexity than existing digit-serial systolic architectures. Furthermore, the proposed architectures have regularity, modularity and local interconnectability, making them highly appropriate for VLSI implementation.

Cross-platform software reuse by functional integration approach

Recently in cryptography and security, the multipliers with subquadratic space complexity for trinomials and some specific pentanomials have been proposed. For such kind of multipliers, alternatively, we use double basis multiplication which combines the polynomial basis and the modified polynomial basis to develop a new efficient digit-serial systolic multiplier. The proposed multiplier depends on trinomials and almost equally space pentanomials (AESPs), and utilizes the subquadratic Toeplitz matrix-vector product scheme to derive a low-latency digit-serial systolic architecture. If the selected digit-size is d bits, the proposed digit-serial multiplier for both polynomials, i.e., trinomials and AESPs, requires the latency of 2⌈√{m/d⌉, while traditional ones take at least O(⌈m/d⌉) clock cycles. Analytical and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) synthesis results indicate that both the area and the time × area complexities of our proposed architecture are significantly lower than the existing digit-serial systolic multipliers.