Jiro Ikeda

Morphological studies ofMacaca fuscata

Metric age changes in primate skulls have been recently investigated with various species by many researchers, but there is little literature on comparative craniological studies of non-human primates, especially of macaques. A craniometrical study on Japanese macaques was made for the first time by SCHWEYER (1909) who examined 128 skulls including 27 adult males and 50 adult females. HASEBE (1942) compared macaque skulls excavated at the neolithic sites in Japan with those of living forms, and pointed out that the ancient monkeys did not differ craniologically from living macaques. WADA (1960) investigated the cranial growth of Japanese macaques, but he did not publish metric data in his report. As a matter of course, in order to study cranial changes according to age or time it is necessary to get exact information on the range, average, standard deviation of metrical characteristics of adult skulls of living animals, and also to clarify whether there are significant differences in cranial features between subspecies of a given species. It is interesting from the taxonomic standpoint, moreover, to compare Japanese macaques, which have been isolated in the Japan Islands for at least fifty thousand years, with other species of the same genus in Southeastern Asia or with other genera of Old World monkeys. In this study, therefore, only craniometric data of adult Japanese macaques are examined, and discussion on age changes in their skulls is held over to a future report.

The Hadza and the Iraqw in northern Tanzania: Dermatographical, Anthropological, Odontometrical and Osteological Approaches

The dermatoglyphics, physical measurements, tooth size and dental arch measurements of 4 populations of Mangola are analyzed and the racial affinities of earlier inhabitants are discussed based on the human remains excavated from Gishimangeda cave and Sechikuencho cairns. The Iraqw, Datoga and the Hadza were investigated as representing the Hamitic, Nilotic and the Khoisan speaking people. The Iraqw and Datoga bear a close resemblance in physical features to the other members of the Hamitic or Caucasians as well as the Bantu speakers, while the Datoga are closer to the Bantu than the Iraqw do. On the other hand, the Hadza are quite different from the Iraqw and Datoga, and approach mostly to the North Bushmen and fairly resemble the neighbouring Bantu tribes. The Gishimangeda and Sechikuencho skeletal series can be dated to probably the 13th or 14th century and 18th or 19th century respectively. They are in most essencials hybrid population between the Medi terraneans and the Negroes, but are closer to the latter. The living Mangola peoples with such mixed physical trai ts are the Iraqw or Datoga among 4 populations examined by us. The occupant of Mangola during several centuries ago. therefore, can be suggested as the Nilotic or the Hamitic peoples, probably the former. The Hadza has not been attached linguistically and physically to any definite people. There are no trace of early Khoisanoid in this region.