João Luís Kill

Planos de nutrição para leitoas com alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra dos 65 aos 105 kg

Ninety and six crossbred gilts with high genetic potential for lean meat gain, with average initial weight of 65.93 ± 2.78 kg and final weight of 105.50 ± 2.18 kg, were used to evaluate the effect of nutrition plans, based on the effects of lysine levels on the carcass traits of gilts in the finishing phase. A randomized block design, with four treatments, 12 replicates and two animals per box, used as experimental unit, was used. The treatments were constituted of nutritional plans (established by sequential lysine levels) for two different weights, from 65 to 95 kg and from 95 to 105 kg. The isoenergy diets and the lysine levels were obtained by changes on dietary corn and soybean proportion. There was no effect of treatments on daily weight gain and daily feed intake. There was effect of nutrition plans on feed:gain ratio, and the nutrition plan 3 showed an increase of 7.86% in relation to nutrition plan 1 and did not differ from the others. Lysine intake increased as the lysine levels of nutrition plans increased. In the nutrition plan 4, lysine intake was 25.43% higher than the other plans. There was no significant difference of nutrition plans on muscle growth ratio, muscle feed:gain ratio, carcass length, backfat thickness in the region between the last and last but one lumbar vertebra, backfat thickness at 6.5 cm from the midline carcass, carcass yield, lean meat yield, fat yield and ham yield. By economic analysis, the nutrition plan 2 showed the best economic return on feed intake. It can be concluded that the nutrition plan 3 (1.00-0.90% lysine) showed the best results of performance and carcass characteristics.

Determinação da exigência nutricional de treonina para poedeiras leves e semipesadas

An experiment was carried out to determine the nutritional threonine requirement for white-egg and brown-egg laying hens, during a period from 21 to 36 weeks. Five hundred and seventy six laying hens, 288 from white-egg and 288 from brown-egg, were used during four experimental periods of 28 days each. A complete randomized blocks design in a fatorial arangement (level x trademarks), with six replicates (eight birds/replicate), was used. The treatments consisted on a basal diet with 14.2% crude protein supplemented with 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, and 0.125% of L-threonine providing a total of 0.510, 0.535, 0.560, 0.585, 0.610, and 0.635% of threonine. The productive performance and internal egg quality were evaluated. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and weight gain were superior for the brown-egg laying hens. Egg production and internal egg quality, feed: gain ratio, body weight gain were not influenced by the used threonine levels. The level of 0,510% of threonine, that correspond to 515 mg/hen·day (0,423% of digestible threonine) and 535 mg/hen·day (0,440% of digestible threonine), was sufficient to meet the performance and to the internal egg quality for the studied characteristics of both white-egg and brown-egg laying hens, respectively.

Níveis de lisina para leitoas com alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra dos 65 aos 95 kg

Two hundred and sixteen crossbred gilts with high genetic potential for lean meat gain, with average initial weight of 66.3 ± 4.24 kg and final weight of 95.5 ± 2.05 kg, were used to evaluate the effect of lysine levels on animals performance in the finishing phase. A randomized block design was used with four treatments, 27 replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Treatments were constituted of isoenergy diets, with different levels of total lysine (0.80, 0.90, 1.00, and 1.10%), obtained by changes on corn and soybean meal proportion. There was no treatment effect on daily weight gain, muscle growth rate and muscle feed:gain ratio. There was a quadratic effect of dietary lysine on feed intake, which decreased up to the level of 0.95% lysine, and on feed:gain ratio, which increased up to the level of 0.97% lysine. There was a linear effect of lysine levels on protein and fat deposition rate, that respectively, increased and reduced with dietary lysine levels. There was no effect of treatments on carcass length, backfat thickness measured between the last and last but one lumbar vertebra, backfat thickness at 6.5 cm from the midline carcass, carcass yield, lean meat yield, fat yield and ham yield. It was concluded that gilts with high genetic potential for lean meat gain require 0.97% of total lysine, that correspond to a daily intake of 24.24 g of lysine for best feed:gain ratio. Data show that to the highest protein deposition rate the requirement is above of 1.1% of total lysine.

Digestible lysine for barrows of genetic lines selected for meat deposition from 60 to 100 days of age

In order to evaluate the effects of dietary digestible lysine levels on performance and carcass traits of two genetic lines of pigs selected for meat deposition, from 60 to 100 days of age, a total of 120 crossbred barrows, with initial average body weight of 25.42 ± 2.08 kg were used. Pigs were allotted in a complete randomized block design, within a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (four digestible lysine levels: 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, and 1.20%, and two genetic lines: A and B), with five replicates and three pigs per pen, which was the experimental unit. There was no interaction between genetic and digestible lysine levels for any variable of performance and carcass traits assessed. There was also no effect of digestible lysine levels in feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion. Digestible lysine intake of pigs increased linearly with increasing digestible lysine levels in the diets. Except for carcass yield that increased quadratically up to 1.04% estimate level of digestible lysine, there was no effect of lysine levels on the other carcass traits assessed (loin and ham yield, and amount of meat in the carcass). The digestible lysine level of 0.90%, corresponding to an estimated daily intake of 19.10 g, meets the requirements of castrated male pigs selected for meat deposition from both genetic lines, from 60 to 100 days of age.

Evaluation of rations with high nutritional density rations for lactation sows during the summer

In order to evaluate diets with high nutritional density, with or without industrial amino acid supplementation, adjusted at net energy base, it was used 80 pluriparous lactating sows with the same genetic pattern, distributed in an experimental block design composed of four diets, 20 blocks, considering each sow an experimental unity. The criteria used for formation of the blocks were the weight and parity order. Diets were formulated by the combination of four levels of crude protein (18.33; 15.23; 19.63; or 16.59%), four levels of metabolizable energy (3,344; 3,293; 3,480; and 3,440 kcal/kg), two of digestible lysine (0.85 and 0.95%) and two levels of net energy (2,519 and 2,636 kcal of NE/kg) and the supplementation with industrial amino acids up to the digestible triptofano:lysine relationship of 18%. There was no effect of the diets with high nutritional density, with or without amino acid supplementation, on the average daily intake of the ration. The diets did not influence weight, loss and changes on weight, the internal weaning-to-estrus interval neither the estimate of milk production of the sows during lactation period. Diets of high nutritional density (lisyne and energy) for lactating sows are efficient in reducing mobilization of body reserves and they do not affect productive and reproductive performance of the sows.In order to evaluate diets with high nutritional density, with or without industrial amino acid supplementation, adjusted at net energy base, it was used 80 pluriparous lactating sows with the same genetic pattern, distributed in an experimental block design composed of four diets, 20 blocks, considering each sow an experimental unity. The criteria used for formation of the blocks were the weight and parity order. Diets were formulated by the combination of four levels of crude protein (18.33; 15.23; 19.63; or 16.59%), four levels of metabolizable energy (3,344; 3,293; 3,480; and 3,440 kcal/kg), two of digestible lysine (0.85 and 0.95%) and two levels of net energy (2,519 and 2,636 kcal of NE/kg) and the supplementation with industrial amino acids up to the digestible triptofano:lysine relationship of 18%. There was no effect of the diets with high nutritional density, with or without amino acid supplementation, on the average daily intake of the ration. The diets did not influence weight, loss and changes on weight, the internal weaning-to-estrus interval neither the estimate of milk production of the sows during lactation period. Diets of high nutritional density (lisyne and energy) for lactating sows are efficient in reducing mobilization of body reserves and they do not affect productive and reproductive performance of the sows.

Níveis de lisina digestível de fêmeas suínas selecionadas para deposição de carne magra na carcaça dos 30 aos 60kg

Fifty gilts were used, with initial weight of 30.17 + 2.03kg, to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of digestible lysine on performance and carcass characteristics. The animals were distributed in a random block experimental design, with five treatments (0.83; 0.93; 1.03; 1.13 and 1,23% of digestible lysine), five replicates and two animals which were considered one experimental unit. The criteria for the formation of the blocks were the animals initial weight. There was no effect of levels of digestible lysine on daily feed intake and daily weight gain. A quadratic effect was observed on feed conversion that improved until an estimated level of 1.11% of digestible lysine. A linear effect was observed on daily protein deposition, however, the data were adjusted through the Linear Response Plateau model, which indicated the estimated level of 1.09% of digestible lysine for best daily protein deposition. No effect was observed on daily fat deposition among the treatments. It conclude that the level of 1.11% of digestible lysine provided the best performance and daily protein deposition results for gilts with high potential for lean deposition, from 30 to 60kg.

Levels of digestible methionine+cystine in diets for high genetic potential barrows from 95 to 125 kg

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of digestible methionine+cystine on performance and carcass composition of high genetic potential barrows for lean deposition. Sixty-four barrows with initial weight of 95.46 ± 1.09 kg were allotted to a completely randomized block design, with four levels of digestible methionine+cystine (0.427, 0.466, 0.504, and 0.545%, corresponding to the digestible methionine+cystine:digestible lysine ratios of 57.0, 62.0, 67.0 and 73.0%, respectively), with eight replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. Experimental diets and water were provided ad libitum until the end of the experimental period when pigs reached 125.21 ± 2.49 kg. Levels of digestible methionine+cystine did not affect daily intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion of the animals, but they affected daily intake of digestible methionine+cystine which increased linearly. Levels of digestible methionine+cystine did not affect carcass weight, meat amount, backfat thickness at P2, and daily meat deposition. The digestible methionine+cystine level of 0.427%, corresponding to the digestible methionine+cystine:lysine ratio of 57.0% and to a daily digestible methionine+cystine intake of 14.20 g/d, provides the best performance and carcass traits for high genetic potential barrows in the phase of 95 to 125 kg.

Digestible tryptophan levels for 30 to 60 kg pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary digestible tryptophan levels on performance and carcass traits of growing pigs. Fifty crossbred castrated male pigs, with average initial and final body weight of 29.0 ± 1.20 kg and 60.4 ± 1.95 kg were allotted in a completely randomized block design, with five treatments (0.125, 0.133, 0.141, 0.149, and 0.157% of digestible tryptophan, corresponding to digestible tryptophan:lysine relations of 15.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, and 19.0%, respectively) and five replicates, with two pigs per experimental unit, which was represented by the pen. Experimental diets and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Averages of minimum and maximum temperatures inside the facility were of 24.3 ± 0.87 oC and 28.0 ± 1.82 oC, respectively. Feed intake and body weight gain increased linearly with increasing dietary tryptophan levels. However, there was no effect of digestible tryptophan on feed conversion or protein deposition of pigs. The highest tryptophan level evaluated (0,157%), corresponding to a digestible tryptophan:lysine relation of 19.0%, provided the greatest weight gain of 30 to 60 kg castrated male pigs.

Digestible tryptophan levels in diets for pigs weighing 15 to 30 kg

In order to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary tryptophan levels on performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs, a total of 60 crossbred castrated male pigs, with average initial and final body weights of 15.50 ± 1.15 and 30.60 ± 1.35 kg were used. Pigs were allotted in a completely randomized block design, with five dietary treatments (0.149, 0.158, 0.168, 0.177, and 0.187% digestible tryptophan, corresponding to digestible tryptophan:lysine relations of 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, and 20.0%), six replicates, and two animals per experimental unit, which was represented by the pen. Experimental diets and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The average maximum and minimum temperatures inside the rooms were of 21.5 ± 1.12°C and 26.4 ± 1.91°C, respectively. There was no effect of digestible tryptophan on daily feed intake or protein deposition of pigs. Body weight gain increased quadratically with increasing digestible tryptophan in the diets up to 0.175% maximum response. Increasing digestible tryptophan in the diets linearly improved feed conversion of pigs. The greatest weight gain of 15 to 30 kg castrated male pigs is obtained at 0.175% digestible tryptophan, corresponding to a digestible tryptophan:lysine relation of 18.82% and an estimated daily intake of 2.32 grams of digestible tryptophan.

Validação das relações dos aminoácidos metionina, treonina, triptofano e valina com a lisina digestível na proteína ideal em rações para porcas em lactação

This experiment aimed at validating the relationship between digestible amino acids with the digestible lysine proposed on the basis of the ideal protein concept. This experiment used 120 lactating sows distributed in a complete randomized block design with six treatments and 20 repetitions and one sow per experimental unity. The diets were formulated based on a reference diet - which contained 19.5% of crude protein (CP) and 0.95% of digestible lysine supplemented with digestible methionine, threonine, tryptophan and/or valine to meet the ideal protein based determined relationships with digestible lysine. The diets did not change weight loss and variation, thickness and thickness variation of backfat, protein and body protein variation, fat and body fat variation, neither they changed the weaning-estrus interval or milk production of the sows. The relationships between metionine + cistine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine digestible amino acids with digestible lysine based proposed on ideal protein meet the requirements of lactating sows for better reproductive and productive performances.