Lourdes Romão Apolônio

Digestible lysine levels in diets maintaining or not the amino acids relation for broilers from 22 to 42 days of age kept under heat stress

Two trials were conduced to determinate the requirement of digestible lysine of broilers from 22 to 42 days, feeding diets maintaining or not the relationship of amino acids, kept under heat stress. A completely randomized experimental design was used in both trials. In trial 1, the broilers were allotted in five treatments (lysine levels in conventional diets) and six replicates with seven broilers in each. In trial 2, the broilers were allotted in four treatments (diets with different lysine levels, maintaining the relationship of amino acids) and six replicates with seven broilers in each. In both trials, the treatments improved in a linear way the weight gain and feed:gain ratio. However, although the feed:gain ratio had been improved by linear way, the LRP model better adjusted to the data, estimating in 0.92 and 1.022% the level of lysine where occurred a plateau, when it was used the conventional diet and it was considered the relationship of amino acids. There was no effect of treatments on feed intake and on relative and absolute weight of broilers carcass when the relationship of amino acid was maintained or not. The lysine levels increased linearly the absolute weight and yield of breast of broilers, independent of maintained or not the profile of the amino acid. In the trial 1, the absolute and relative weights of thigh and drumstick were not influenced by treatments. The absolute and relative weights of abdominal fat were reduced in a linear way by lysine levels. In the trial 2, the absolute weight of thigh increased linearly with lysine levels of diet. There was no effect of the treatments on absolute and relative weights of drumstick and abdominal fat. It was concluded that male broilers, in the period from 22 to 42 days of age, kept under heat stress require at least 0.955 and 1.022% of digestible lysine in the conventional diet and in the diet maintaining the amino acid profile, respectively.

Níveis de energia metabolizável mantendo a relação lisina digestível: caloria em rações para suínos machos castrados em terminação

Forty barrows from commercial hybrids averaging initial weight of 60.1 ± 1.3 kg were used in a trial to evaluate different ME levels, maintaining the digestible lysine:calorie ratio, on the performance and carcass characteristics. A randomized block experimental design with four treatments, five replicate and two animals per experimental unit was used. The treatments consisted of four ME levels (3,100, 3,230, 3,370, and 3,500 kcal/kg) with 2.41 g of digestible lysine/Mcal of EM ratio. Animals were fed until the end of the experimental period, when the animals reached 95.46 ± 2.89 kg. It was observed linear effect of treatments on feed intake. Feed:gain ratio increased linearly as the ME levels increased. There was no treatment effect on energy efficiency, weight gain, carcass yield, backfat thickness and lean meat yield. It was concluded that increasing ME levels (3,100 to 3,500 kcal/kg, maintaining the dietary digestible lysine:calorie ratio of barrows, increase feed:gain ratio and decrease feed intake with no effect on weight gain and carcass characteristics.

Digestibilidade do fósforo de alimentos de origem vegetal determinada em suínos em crescimento e terminação

Objetivou-se determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDAP) e verdadeira (CDVP) do fosforo de 11 alimentos de origem vegetal utilizados na alimentacao de suinos. Foram utilizados 78 animais mesticos distribuidos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 × 13 (metodologia × fase × tratamento) e tres repeticoes por tratamento (alimento-teste). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade foram avaliados utilizando-se, simultaneamente, duas metodologias (coleta total de fezes e uso de indicador fecal, Cr2O3) em duas fases de producao (crescimento e terminacao), cada uma com 36 suinos com 25,0 ± 3,0 e 60,0 ± 5,0 kg de peso corporal, respectivamente. Determinaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade de 11 alimentos, uma racao-referencia e uma racao com baixo conteudo de fosforo total (0,03%) para estimativa das perdas de fosforo endogeno nas duas fases de desenvolvimento. Os valores medios de CDAP e CDVP do fosforo encontrados com suinos em crescimento e terminacao foram, respectivamente, 45,01 e 68,32% para o milho; 31,3 e 66,97% para o sorgo; 31,84 e 41,31% para o farelo de gluten de milho (22% PB); 38,28 e 53,20% farelo de gluten de milho (60% PB); 32,42 e 40,61% para o farelo de algodao (30% PB); 37,50 e 43,95% para o farelo de algodao (40% PB); 50,76 e 55,74% para o farelo de trigo; 38,75 e 52,19% para o farelo de soja; 33,61 e 41,21% para o concentrado proteico de soja; 41,67 e 55,81% a soja integral extrusada e, 56,84 e 66,56% para a levedura desidratada de cana de acucar. Nao foram encontradas diferencas entre os CDAP e CDVP determinados pelas metodologias de coleta total de fezes e de indicador fecal. Na fase de terminacao, os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira dos alimentos testados foram maiores que os obtidos na fase de crescimento.

Níveis de lisina mantendo a relação aminoacídica para frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, em diferentes ambientes térmicos

Four hundred and eighty Ross broiler male, with initial weight of 43 ± 0.2 g, from 1 to 21 days of age, were allotted to an experimental design in 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, two environments (high temperature and thermal comfort) and four levels of total lysine (1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) with six replicates and ten birds/experimental unity. Feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) were higher in the thermoneutral environment, while the feed: gain ratio (F/G) and the efficiency of utilization of lysine were better at the high environmental temperature. At the thermal comfort environment, the WG and lysine intake increased with the dietary lysine levels in the diet and the efficiency of lysine utilization for WG linearly improved. At the high temperature environment, the lysine levels influenced the WG and lysine intake, which linearly increased, and also improved, in a linear response, the efficiency of lysine utilization for WG. The feed: gain ratio improved in a quadratic way up to the level of 1.29% of lysine. Despite of the linear response, the LRP model was the one that better fitted the WG data, estimating the lysine level in 1.24%, the plateau point. The high temperature environment negatively influenced WG and FI, even so improved the FC. Broilers from 1 to 21 days of age need 1.4 and 1.29% of total lysine, in thermal comfort and high temperature environments, respectively.

Whole processed (fermented and extruded) soybean and soybean meal in replacement of dried milk in diet of piglets weaned at 14 days of age

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the use of whole fermented soybean (WFS), whole extruded soybean (WES) and soybean meal (SBM) in replacement to the dried milk (MD) of the diet on the performance, feed intake and morphological alterations on the digestive system of piglets from 14 to 35 day and from 14 to 56 days, and its residual effects from 36 to 56 days of age. Ninety-six crossbreed (Landrace x Large White) piglets weaned at 14 days of age were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, four replicates and six animals per experimental unit. The protein source affected the piglets performance from 14 to 35 days and from 14 to 56 days of ages. The piglets that were fed MD based diet showed better weight gain on the first three weeks after weaning and on the total period. However, from 36 to 56 days of age it was not observed the influence of the treatments on the piglets performance. It was observed effect of protein source on villus height (VH) and villus: cripta ratio of pigs slaughtered at 21 days of age, and on the VH of the piglets slaughtered at 35 days of age; pigs fed MD based diets showed higher VH than other treatments. Whole extrude soybean and SBM can replace the MD in diets of piglets weaned at 14 days of age and that the high level of anti-trypsin factors in the WFS compromised the results.The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the use of whole fermented soybean (WFS), whole extruded soybean (WES) and soybean meal (SBM) in replacement to the dried milk (MD) of the diet on the performance, feed intake and morphological alterations on the digestive system of piglets from 14 to 35 day and from 14 to 56 days, and its residual effects from 36 to 56 days of age. Ninety-six crossbreed (Landrace x Large White) piglets weaned at 14 days of age were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, four replicates and six animals per experimental unit. The protein source affected the piglets performance from 14 to 35 days and from 14 to 56 days of ages. The piglets that were fed MD based diet showed better weight gain on the first three weeks after weaning and on the total period. However, from 36 to 56 days of age it was not observed the influence of the treatments on the piglets performance. It was observed effect of protein source on villus height (VH) and villus: cripta ratio of pigs slaughtered at 21 days of age, and on the VH of the piglets slaughtered at 35 days of age; pigs fed MD based diets showed higher VH than other treatments. Whole extrude soybean and SBM can replace the MD in diets of piglets weaned at 14 days of age and that the high level of anti-trypsin factors in the WFS compromised the results.

Digestibilidade Ileal de aminoácidos de alguns alimentos, determinada pela técnica da cânula T simples com suínos

The objective of this work was evaluate the apparent and true ileal digestibility of aminoacids feedstuffs, using the technique of simple canula T, with swines. Were used eight barrows canulated (Landrace x Large White). The feedstuffs evaluated were rice broked, low tanine sorghum, wheat bran, millet, brewer yeast and sugar cane yeast. The diets with rice broked, sorghum, wheat bran, millet as protein source were formulated to provide 7% of crude protein and the others diets with brewers and sugar cane yeasts were formulated to provide 13% of crude protein. Chromic oxide was used as digestibility marker. The collect of digest was made after adaptation period of five days para determination of feed intake and three days for the regularization of intestinal flux, for a period of 24 hours, in intervals of three hours beggining after the feed intake. The samples were obtained from digests collected from groups of two animals. Among the evaluated feedstuffs, the rice broked, sorghum and millet showed higher coefficients of true digestibility, while the lower values were obtained to wheat bran. Threonine was the essential aminoacid with lower digestibility in rice broked, wheat bran, brewer yeast and sugar cane yeast. Lysine was the aminoacid less digestible in sorghum and millet.

Digestibilidade aparente e verdadeira do fósforo de alimentos de origem animal para suínos

The coefficients of apparent (CADP) and true (CTDP) digestibility of the phosphorus from animal origin feedstuffs were determined. Twenty-four barrows in growing phase with initial weight 25.0±3.0kg and the same barrows in finishing phase with initial weight 60.0±5.0kg were used. The treatments were made by a factorial of two methodologies (total collection of feces and fecal marker), two phases (growing and finishing), and eight diets (six animal origin feedstuffs, one reference diet, and one diet with low content of total phosphorus in order to estimate the losses of endogenous phosphorus), with three replicates by treatment. There was no difference between the methodologies or phases evaluated (P>0.05). The average of CADP and CTDP found in growing and finishing phases were, respectively, 61.7 and 62.0% for 35% crude protein (CP) meat and bone meal; 62.3 and 62.9% for 41% CP meat and bone meal; 49.0 and 52.5% for feather and poultry by-products meal; 72.3 and 90.8% for feather meal; 85.5 and 88.5% for 55% CP fish meal; and 80.0 and 92.0% for powder milk whey.

Energia digestível em rações para porcas primíparas em lactação

Forty-eight primiparous sows (PIC), weighting in average of 185.03±15.78kg, were used to evaluate different levels of digestible energy (3,350; 3,500; 3,650 and 3,800 kcal/kg) during lactation (19.98±1.04 days). A completely randomized design was used with four treatments, 12 replicates, being the sow considered as the experimental unit. The sows were daily fed with 4.0kg of the experimental diet. Energy intake increased linearly, according to the level of digestible energy in the diet. The energy level in the diet did not affect the mobilization of corporal reserve, the reproductive characteristics and the levels of insulin of the serum of the sows. Weight gain of piglets and litter increased linearly, according to the dietary energy levels. It was concluded that primiparous lactating sows need to intake at least 14,307kcal/day.

Digestibilidade ileal de aminoácidos de alimentos utilizados em dietas pré-iniciais para leitões, determinada pelo método do sacrifício

This study was carried out to determine ileal digestibilities in feedstuffs used in diets for piglets by the slaughter technique. The apparent and true digestibilities for skimmed milk powder, milk whey, extruded soybean, micronized soybean and swine plasma were determined. Ninety six crossbred piglets with forty days of age were allotted to a completely randomized design, with eight replications and two piglets for experimental unit. The animals were fed 5 diets (7% CP for WP and 13% for other diets), each containing one protein source. A protein free diet was used to calculate the endogenous nitrogen losses. The animals were slaughtered seven hours after feed intake. The highest coefficients of true digestibility of essential aminoacids were determined for milk whey, skimmed milk powder and extruded soybean and the lowest true digestibilities values were obtained for micronized soybean. Threonine was the essential aminoacid of lowest true digestibility among the evaluated feedstuffs. Methionine was the aminoacid of highest true digestibility in milk powder, extruded soybean, micronized soybean and swine plasma, while lysine showed the highest coefficient of true digestibility in skimmed milk powder. The lowest digestibility of lysine was obtained for micronized soybean.

Planos de nutrição para frangos de corte no período de 1 a 49 dias de idade mantidos em condições de conforto térmico

Two hundred and forty male broilers of Ross strain, with initial weight of 43 ± 0.2 g, from 1 to 49 days of age, were maintained under thermal comfort (24.2 ± 3.52oC). A completely randomized design with four nutrition plans was used: NP1 (1.1, 1.0, and 0.85% de total lysine); NP2 (1.2, 1.1, and 0.95% de total lysine); NP3 (1.3, 1.2, and 1.05% of total lysine); and NP4 (1.4, 1.3, and 1.15% de total lysine), respectively for the periods from 1 to 21 days, 22 to 41 days and 42 to 49 days of age, six replicates of ten birds until 41 days of age and of seven birds from 42 to 49 days of age. The effect of lysine level on performance, weight and yield of special cuts and edible viscera were evaluated. Weight gain, feed: gain ratio and feed intake were not influenced by treatments. However, the relative and absolute weight of breast, breast without bone and liver were influenced by treatments. Based on the performance results it was concluded that any nutrition plan met the requirements of broilers for all studied phases when they are kept under environment of thermal comfort. Considering the special cut yield values, the 2, 3 and 4 nutrition plans support the best results.