João Rodrigues de Paiva

Estimation of variance components and prediction of breeding values in rubber tree breeding using the REML/BLUP procedure

The present paper deals with estimation of variance components, prediction of breeding values and selection in a population of rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell.-Arg.] from Rio Branco, State of Acre, Brazil. The REML/BLUP (restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction) procedure was applied. For this purpose, 37 rubber tree families were obtained and assessed in a randomized complete block design, with three unbalanced replications. The field trial was carried out at the Experimental Station of UNESP, located in Selviria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The quantitative traits evaluated were: girth (G), bark thickness (BT), number of latex vessel rings (NR), and plant height (PH). Given the unbalanced condition of the progeny test, the REML/BLUP procedure was used for estimation. The narrow-sense individual heritability estimates were 0.43 for G, 0.18 for BT, 0.01 for NR, and 0.51 for PH. Two selection strategies were adopted: one short-term (ST - selection intensity of 8.85%) and the other long-term (LT - selection intensity of 26.56%). For G, the estimated genetic gains in relation to the population average were 26.80% and 17.94%, respectively, according to the ST and LT strategies. The effective population sizes were 22.35 and 46.03, respectively. The LT and ST strategies maintained 45.80% and 28.24%, respectively, of the original genetic diversity represented in the progeny test. So, it can be inferred that this population has potential for both breeding and ex situ genetic conservation as a supplier of genetic material for advanced rubber tree breeding programs.

Influência de porta-enxertos na resistência de mudas de cajueiro ao estresse salino

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influencia de porta-enxertos na resistencia de mudas de cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) a salinidade. As mudas foram obtidas pela enxertia do clone BRS 226 sobre os porta-enxertos CAPI 4, CCP 09 e BRS 226. Foram expostas a meio hidroponico sem NaCl (controle) ou com NaCl 200 mM (tratamento salino), sob condicoes controladas de temperatura, umidade e luminosidade, durante 12 dias. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x2 (tres combinacoes de enxerto/porta-enxerto e duas concentracoes de NaCl), com quatro repeticoes. Foram determinados a concentracao de Na+, Cl-, K+ e solutos orgânicos e os sintomas visuais de toxicidade nas folhas. Os conteudos de Na+ e Cl-, a relacao K+/Na+ e as concentracoes de aminoacidos e de prolina livres nas folhas tiveram relacao direta com os sintomas visuais de toxicidade. Os porta-enxertos CAPI 4, CCP 09 e BRS 226 foram classificados como sensivel, intermediario e resistente a salinidade elevada, respectivamente. Essa variacao foi decorrente da influencia do porta-enxerto na particao do Na+ e do Cl-.

Repetibilidade de caracteres de produção e porte da planta em clones de cajueiro-anão precoce

This work was carried out to estimate the repeatability coefficient, to compare the efficiency of methodologies used in the estimation process, as well as to determine the number of evaluations for selecting dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) clones. The methodologies used to estimate the coefficient of repeatability were: analysis of variance in which the temporary effect is removed from the error (ANOVA); analysis of the principal components obtained from both the correlation matrix (PCCOR) and the covariance and phenotypic variance matrix (PCCOV); and the structural analysis based on the theoretic eigenvalue of the correlation matrix or mean correlation (EVCOR). Characters such as plant height (PH), canopy diameter (CD) and nut yield (NY) from 30 clones were evaluated during five years. The r value for PH and CD varied from 0.85 (ANOVA) to 0.96 (PCCOV). The yield r values varied from 0.51 (ANOVA) to 0.88 (PCCOV). Therefore, it was admitted that the principal components method employing the covariance and phenotypic variance matrix is the most efficient to dwarf cashew clonal selection, mainly in relation to yield. It was also concluded that two evaluations of both characters PH and CD, and three evaluations of NY are sufficient in the selective process.

Índice Multiefeitos e estimativas de parâmetros genéticos em aceroleira

The selection made by multi-effects index has grounds for one index that considers simultaneously individual and their family behavior, as well as the plot effect where the individual was planted. The objective of this work was to evaluate genetic parameters in an acerola population and to compare genetic gains through six selection methods. The experiment was settled under a randomized complete block experimental design, with 62 progenies, three repetitions and four plants per plot. The traits evaluated were: plant height, and stalk diameter at first, second and third years of plant ages; canopy diameter at second and third years; and fruit yield by a period of one year with weekly harvest. The genetics parameters estimated to population pointed out favorable conditions to selection by the heritability of moderate magnitudes. The selection based on multi-effects index was positive, so it gives a bigger genetic gain and high accuracy than among and within progenies selection, parental selection based on progenies behavior and individual selection.

Seleção massal de acerola em plantio comercial

Genetic variability can easily be found in commercial orchards allowing the selection of superior matrix plants. The main purpose of this work was to conduct a selection of acerola (Malpighia emarginata) plants in the Frutas do Ceara S/A (FRUCESA) orchard, in Jaguaruana county, CE, Brazil. The mass selection allowed the choice of 100 desirable plants. Seed germination varied from 0.0% to 84.5%, mean of 13.9% and standard deviation of 11.6%, suggesting the occurrence of genetic variation among plants for this character.

Teores de ácido anacárdico em pedúnculos de cajueiro Anacardium microcarpum e em oito clones de Anacardium occidentale var. nanum disponíveis no Nordeste do Brasil

Anacardic acid, a phenolic compound present in cashew apple and in some medicinal plants, is being associated to some specific biological effects. The purpose of this work was to determine anacardic acid content in peduncles of A. microcarpum and eight clones of A. occidentale from Northeastern Brazil, evaluating some physical-chemical and sensory characteristics of these peduncles. Cashew apples from BRS 189 clone of early cashew tree presented the highest values of anacardic acid. Cashew apples from A. microcarpum and END 189, END 183, Embrapa 50, Embrapa 51 e CCP 09 clones of early cashew tree did not differ from control CCP 076 clone. Cashew apples from CCP 1001 clone presented the minor values of anacardic acid. Physical-chemical and sensory analyses showed evidence that CCP 09 and CCP 1001 clone are not appropriate to fresh consuption.

Análise da castanha do cajueiro por tomografia de ressonância magnética

The objective of this work was to evaluate the technique of magnetic resonance tomography for cashew nut analysis, compared to the traditional method of clone selection. Samples of cashew nut from 40 clones harvested in 2002 were analyzed using both methods. Using traditional method most of clones showed high and medium values of the industrial indicators nut and seed mass and industrial yield and low values of seed breakage. By magnetic resonance tomography majority of clones showed cashew nuts with empty spaces between the nut and the endocarp, which can protect the seed during decortication. The results for the two methods were complementary and the tomography, besides being a promising option for the quality evaluation of cashew nut, can give support to other researches related to cashew nut study.

Heterose em cajueiro anão precoce

Esse trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a heterose no cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) anao precoce. O experimento foi composto por seis clones parentais (CCP 06, CCP 09, CCP 76, CCP 1001, C1P3 e P399E) e 18 combinacoes hibridas. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados, com duas repeticoes e cinco plantas por parcela. A heterose media foi de 12,09%, 19,38%, 98,01%, 96,97% e -2,11%, respectivamente, para altura da planta, diâmetro da copa, numero de castanha por planta, produtividade de castanha e peso medio de castanha, indicando presenca de vigor hibrido nos cruzamentos, para todos os caracteres, exceto para peso medio de castanha, demonstrando a importância de sua exploracao, com perspectivas de avancos geneticos sobre caracteres da cultura do caju. A consequencia seria a obtencao de clones comerciais com caracteristicas de producao desejaveis e a formacao de populacoes-base para o programa de melhoramento populacional. Os hibridos CCP 06 x C1P3, CCP 09 x P399E e CCP 09 x CCP 06 sao os mais promissores.

beta-caroteno, ácido ascórbico e antocianinas totais em polpa de frutos de aceroleira conservada por congelamento durante 12 meses

The objective of the work was to evaluate b-carotene, ascorbic acid and total anthocyanins alterations in fruit pulp of acerola tree clones conserved by the cold. The fruit clones BRS 152 (Sertaneja), BRS 235 (Apodi), BRS 236 (Cereja), BRS 237 (Roxinha), BRS 238 (Frutacor) and II 47/1 were harvested in a commercial maturation stage (ripe red) in Limoeiro do Norte, Ceara, Brasil, carried to Planta Piloto de Processamento de Frutos da Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical, unpulped, the pulp was storaged in polietilin bags (100 g), frozen, kept in a freezer at -20 °C, and evaluated every 30 days for 12 months. The experiment was carried out with experimental delineament totally casualized in a factorial scheme 6 x 13 (clones x time), with 3 repetitions. The concentration of b-carotene in the Cereja clone was stable, while the other ones were decreased during the whole time of the experiment. There was a small decrease in the ascorbic acid level in all the clones in the study during the storage, probably due to the high acidity of the pulp, which helps maintain its nutrient. The total anthocyanins level were stable in the Frutacor and Sertaneja clones, however, it decreased in the other ones. The II 47/1 clone was, among all the studied clones, the one that presented the highest levels of ascorbic acid C and total anthocyanins, keeping these characteristics during the whole storage. In conclusion, the clones that presented the lowest level of b-carotene, showed the highest concentrations of total anthocyanins.

Policultivo coom diferentes espécies frutíferas de valor econômico

Resultados preliminares de um experimento, em execucao desde setembro de 2000 no Campo Experimental de Pacajus, CE, para avaliar um sistema de policultivo com fruteiras, sao relacionados e discutidos neste trabalho. Dez especies foram plantadas em uma area de 1,2 ha, em covas alternadas e divergentes em relacao as linhas laterais, sendo que cada planta de uma especie foi circundada por plantas de outras especies. Apos 15 meses, as especies bananeira, mamoeiro e goiabeira foram substituidas por cupuacuzeiro, pupunheira e abacateiro, respectivamente. A nao adaptacao da bananeira pode ter como causa os efeitos danosos dos ventos e maior irradiacao solar, devido ao maior espacamento utilizado no sistema em relacao ao cultivo comercial. A mangueira, o sapotizeiro, o cajueiro, a aceroleira e a gravioleira estao com bom desenvolvimento. E, com excecao da mangueira e do sapotizeiro, todas ja estao em frutificacao. Nos 34 meses de avaliacao, verificou-se que a recomposicao natural da flora entre as fileiras foi prejudicada pela carencia de nutrientes quimicos e materia orgânica do solo, o que pode ter favorecido, tambem, o ataque de pragas e doencas.