Joe D. Hancock

Effects of adding saturated fat to diets with sorghum-based dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding sources of saturated fat to diets with sorghum-based dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). For Exp. 1, 112 barrows (initially 140 lb) were used in a 69-d growth assay with 7 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. Treatments were a cornsoybean meal-based control and diets having 40% sorghum-based DDGS (U.S. En-ergy Partners, Russell, KS) without and with 5% added tallow or palm oil. Feed and water were consumed on an ad libitum basis until pigs were slaughtered (average BW 283 lb) to allow collection of carcass data and jowl samples. Fatty acid composition of jowl samples was used to calculate iodine value (IV) as an indicator of carcass fat firmness. Overall (d 0 to 69), the corn-soybean control supported greater ADG and ADFI (P < 0.001) with no difference in F/G (P > 0.9) compared with the DDGS treatments. Adding 5% beef tallow and palm oil to diets with DDGS improved overall F/G (P < 0.02). Pigs fed the control diet had greater (P < 0.04) HCW and dressing percentage than pigs fed the DDGS treatments. Adding fat to DDGS diets tended to improve dressing percentage (P < 0.07), but there were no effects of fat source on carcass measurements (P > 0.14). Changes in IV indicated softer fat in pigs fed DDGS (P < 0.001) than in pigs fed the control diet even when sources of saturated fatty acids were added to the diets. For Exp. 2, 112 barrows (initially 150 lb) were used in a 67-d growth assay with 7 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. Treatments were the same as in Exp. 1, but fat sources were stearic acid and coconut oil. At slaughter (av-erage BW 270 lb), in addition to collection of carcass data and jowl samples, belly firmness was determined by using a subjective scoring system and by measuring the distance from tip to tip of the belly after it was drooped over a 1-in.2 bar for 5 min. The corn-soybean control tended to support greater overall ADG (P < 0.09) with no difference in ADFI and F/G (P > 0.14) compared with DDGS treatments. Adding fat sources to diets with DDGS tended to improve (P < 0.06) overall F/G, and coconut oil improved F/G compared with stearic acid (P < 0.001). Pigs fed the control diet had greater (P < 0.05) HCW than pigs fed the DDGS treatments. Pigs fed the control diet had lower IV and greater firmness score than pigs fed diets with added DDGS (P < 0.02). Adding fat sources to diets with DDGS improved these estimates of carcass firmness and tip to tip distance for suspended bellies (P < 0.001); coconut oil had a much greater effect than stearic acid (P < 0.001). In conclusion, adding beef tallow, palm oil, and coconut oil to diets with 40% DDGS improved efficiency of gain in finishing pigs. However, only coconut oil restored carcass firmness to levels at or above a corn-soybean diet without DDGS.; Swine Day, 2008, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2008

Pellet quality affects growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of diet form (meal vs pellet) and amount of fines in pelleted feed on growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs. One hundred twenty-six weanling pigs, with an average initial body wt of 12.5 lb, were used in the 35-d nursery experiment. The same phase I diet (pelleted) was fed to all pigs for 7 d, then the pigs were switched to phase II diet treatments (d 7 to 35 postweaning). Treatments were the same phase II diet fed as: 1) meal; 2) screened pellets (fines removed); and 3) the screened pellets with 25% added fines. From d 7 to 21, average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater for pigs fed pellets, and feed/gain (F/G) was improved by 14% when pigs were fed pelleted diets compared with those fed the meal diet. Also, pigs fed the screened pellets had a 7% improvement in F/G compared to pigs fed the pelleted diet with 25% fines. From d 7 to 35, pigs fed pelleted diets were 9% more efficient than pigs fed the meal diet. Also, pigs fed the pelleted diet with 25% added fines had 2.6% poorer F/G than pigs fed the diet with screened pellets. In the finishing experiment, 80 gilts (average initial body wt of 118 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of diet form and pellet fines on growth performance. Treatments were a common finishing diet fed as: 1) meal; 2) screened pellets; 3) pellets with 20% fines; 4) pellets with 40% fines; and 5) pellets with 60% fines. Pigs fed the meal diet or the diet with 60% fines tended to have decreased ADG compared to pigs fed the other pelleted diets. Pigs fed screened pellets had a 4.7% improvement in F/G compared with those fed the meal diet. However, increasing the amount of fines in the screened pellets diet resulted in a linear trend for poorer F/G. These results suggest that pelleting diets improved growth performance in nursery and finishing pigs; however, increasing amounts of pellet fines reduced the advantage of feeding a pelleted diet.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18,1993

Effects of distillers grains on growth performance in nursery and finishing pigs

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1995 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.

EFFECTS OF XYLANASE AND WHEAT MIDDLINGS IN DIETS FOR FINISHING PIGS

Summary A total of 312 finishing pigs (average initial weight of 142 lb) were used in a 62-d experim ent to determine the effects of xylanase and wheat middlings on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics. Treatments were a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, without and with 750 g/ton xylanase product (to supply none and 1,050 units of xylanase activity per lb of diet), and wheat middlings (none, 15%, and 30%) arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial. The pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and blocked by weight, with 13 pigs/pen and 4 pens/treatment. Feed and water were provided on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were killed (average weight of 266 lb) at a commercial slaughter facility. Overall, there were no interactions among xylanase addition and concentration of wheat middlings in the diet for ADG, ADFI, F/G, dressing percentage, last-rib backfat thickness, or percentage carcass lean (P>0.26). For main effects, addition of xylanase did not change growth performance or carcass measurements (P>0.16), but, as concentration of wheat middlings was increased from none to 30%, there were linear decreases in overall ADG (P 0.12). In conclusion, increasing the concentration of wheat middlings, in diets from none to 30% reduced growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. Addition of xylanase did not prevent these negative effects.

Use of sorghum-based distillers grains in diets for nursery and finishing pigs.

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1996 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.

Sorghum genotype and particle size affect growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs

Seventy pigs (average initial body wt of 119 lb) were used to determine the effects of sorghum genotype on milling characteristics, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs. The pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based control diet, with the corn (Pioneer 3377) milled to a mean particle size of 600 Î1⁄4m. Hard-endosperm sorghum (Pioneer 8585) and soft-endosperm sorghum (Pioneer 894) were milled to mean particle sizes of 800, 600, and 400 Î1⁄4m and substituted for the corn in the control diet on a wt/wt basis, so that the overall treatment arrangement was a 2 × 3 factorial plus control. The sorghums required less energy to grind, had greater production rates, and produced less noise during milling than the corn. Pigs fed the diets with hard and soft endosperm sorghum had average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed/gain similar to those fed corn. Pigs fed hard sorghum grew faster, but pigs fed soft sorghum were more efficient. As particle size was decreased, energy required for grinding increased and production rate slowed. Efficiency of gain and nutrient digestibility were maximized and excretion of nutrients as feces was minimized at 400 Î1⁄4m for both hardand softendosperm sorghum. Considering the positive effects of fine grinding on efficiency of gain and nutrient digestibility, but the negative effects on energy required for milling, production rate and stomach morphology,an acceptable compromise for particle size of soft and hard sorghum in pelleted diets for finishing pigs will still likely be less than 600 Î1⁄4m.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18,1993

Extrusion processing of low-inhibitor soybeans improves growth performance of nursery pigs fed protein-adequate diets

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1991 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.

Extrusion of sorghum, soybean meal, and whole soybeans improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs

One hundred forty-four finishing pigs (124 lb avg initial wt) were used to determine the effects of extruding sorghum, soybean meal (SBM), and whole soybeans on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Treatments were: 1) control diet with ground sorghum, SBM, and soybean oil; 2) diet 1 with the ground sorghum, SBM, and soybean oil blended and extruded; 3) sorghum and whole soybeans extruded separately and blended; and 4) sorghum and extruded soybeans blended and extruded together. Extrusion was in an Insta-Pro extruder. All diets were formulated to be equal in concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and lysine. Pigs fed diets with extruded ingredients had improved F/G. Extrusion of sorghum and extruded soybeans together was of greater benefit than extruding those ingredients separately. Diets with extruded ingredients had greater digestibilities of DM and N, but fat thickness at the last rib was not affected by treatment. Overall, optimum nutrient digestibility was achieved by feeding extruded diet ingredients, and efficiency of gain was maximized by feeding an extruded blend of sorghum and whole soybeans.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 21, 1991

Processing method affects the nutritional value of low-inhibitor soybeans for nursery pigs

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1990 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.

Effects of feeding cracked corn to nursery and finishing pigs

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing cracked corn in nursery and finishing pig diets (PIC TR4 × 1050). In Exp. 1, 144 pigs (7.5 kg BW) were used in a 28-d experiment with 6 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Treatments were corn-soybean meal based in the form of mash, pellets (PCD), and pellets with 100% of the corn ground (PGr; 618 mm) or cracked (PCr; 3444 mm) and blended into the diet after the rest of the formulation had been pelleted. For d 0 to 28, pigs fed mash had increased (P = 0.042) ADFI compared with those fed the PCD diet. Pigs fed PCD had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed PGr and PCr. Pigs fed PCr had decreased (P = 0.004) G:F compared with those fed PGr. For Exp. 2, 224 nursery pigs (7.4 kg BW) were used in a 28-d study with 7 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Treatments were similar to Exp. 1, with 50% of the corn either ground (445 mm) or cracked (2142 mm). For d 0 to 28, pigs fed mash had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI and G:F than pigs fed the PCD diet. Pigs fed the PCD diet had decreased (P = 0.001) ADFI and increased (P = 0.001) G:F compared to those fed PGr and PCr. For Exp. 3, 208 pigs (62.6 kg BW) were used in a 63-d experiment with 13 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. Treatments were corn-soybean meal based with 0, 10, 20, and 40% cracked corn (3549 µm). All treatments were fed in mash form. For d 0 to 63, increasing cracked corn tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.093) G:F and decreased (linear, P = 0.047) carcass yield. Adding up to 40% of cracked corn to a mash diet decreased (P < 0.05) scores for keratinization and ulcers. For Exp. 4, 252 finishing pigs (40 kg BW) were used with 7 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. The treatments were the same as described in Exp. 2. For the 80-d experiment, pigs fed mash had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, stomach keratinization, and ulcer scores and increased (P < 0.05) yield and loin depth compared with pigs fed the PCD diet. Pigs fed PCD had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F and decreased (P = 0.026) loin depth compared with pigs fed PGr and PCr diets. Pigs fed PCr had increased (P = 0.023) ADG and decreased (P = 0.001) yield compared with pigs fed PGr. Pigs fed PCr had decreased (P < 0.05) stomach keratinization and ulcer scores compared with pigs fed the PCD and PGr diets. In conclusion, pigs fed PCD had the greatest G:F, and PGr and PCr treatments had negative effects on G:F of pigs. Scores for stomach lesions were lowest for pigs fed PCr.