B.T. Richert

The effects of supplementing growing finishing swine diets with betaine and (or) choline on growth and carcass characteristics

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In vitro oxidation of branched chain amino acids by porcine mammary tissue

Abstract Six (three each of parity 1 and 2) lactating sows (d 10 to 17 of lactation) were used for an in vitro study to determine CO 2 production from individual branched-chain amino acids. The first and second productive glands on one side of each sow were biopsied to collect mammary secretory tissue. Uniformly 14 C-labeled L-isoleucine, L-leucine, and L-valine were included in the medium at 5 μL (100 μCi/mL) for a 1-h incubation with mammary tissue. Carbon dioxide production rates as percentages of the 14 C-labeled amino acid metabolized by the mammary tissue were 2.57, 1.86, and 4.07% for isoleucine, leucine, and valine, respectively ( P P

The effect of spray-dried plasma source on starter pig performance

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The effect of lysine and valine fed during lactation on sow and litter lactation performance

Two hundred two sows (98 parity 1 and 104 parity 2 sows) were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effect of dietary valine and lysine on sow lactation performance. Treatments included two levels of lysine (.8 or 1.2%) and three valine to lysine ratios (80, 100, 120% of lysine). This experiment was conducted at a research farm of a production facility in New South Wales, Australia from January to March, 1994. For all sows, increasing dietary lysine increased litter weaning weight and litter weight gain and reduced sow weight loss. Increasing dietary valine tended to increase litter weight gain. Parity 1 sows had a greater response in litter weight gain to dietary lysine than parity 2 sows. Parity 1 sows also exhibited a linear increase in litter weight gain as dietary valine increased. Parity 2 sows had an increase in litter weight gain at the low lysine level but a decrease in litter weight gain at the high lysine level with increasing valine in the diet. Both parities had a similar reduction in sow weight loss with increasing dietary lysine. The data also were separated into sows that weaned 10 or more pigs and sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs. Sows that weaned 10+ pigs had a greater increase in litter weaning weight and litter weight gain when dietary lysine was increased from .8 to 1.2 %. These sows also had a linear increase in litter weaning weights and litter weight gain as valine increased. Sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs had no response to increasing lysine or valine. Serum urea nitrogen was increased by increased dietary lysine but was not affected by valine. The results demonstrate the need to increase dietary lysine and valine as milk production increases. The high-producing sow (10+ pigs weaned) requires increased lysine and valine to maximize litter growth rate and minimize sow weight loss. The independent increases in litter weaning weights from adding lysine and valine suggest separate modes of action in the high-producing sow for these amino acids in milk synthesis.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Influence of spray-dried plasma source on growth performance of weanling pigs

Six hundred twenty six pigs (initially 9 lb and 13.2 d of age) were used in a 28-d growth trial to determine the effect of spraydried porcine (SDPP), spray-dried bovine (SDBP), and low-ash porcine plasma (LAPP) on growth performance in the early-weaned pig. Pigs were allotted by weight to one of 10 dietary treatments with 8 to 10 pigs per pen and 7 replicate pens per treatment. The control diet was cornsoybean meal-based and contained 14.44% dried skim milk with no plasma added. Each plasma source (2, 4, and 6%) replaced dried skim milk in the control diet. The LAPP is a similar product to SDPP with the ash component removed. Therefore, the protein content is higher, and slightly lower inclusion rates were required at 1.79, 3.59, and 5.38%. Phase I diets were formulated to contain 1.5% lysine, .42% methionine, .9% Ca, and .8% P. SBM was held constant throughout all the diets at 16.31% with 25% dried whey and 4% fish meal added. On d 14 postweaning, all pigs were switched to a common Phase II milo-SBM based diet. Phase II diets were formulated to 1.25% lysine, .35% methionine, .9% Ca, and .8% P; contained 2.5% spray-dried blood meal and 10% dried whey; and were fed in meal form. Adding any of the plasma sources to the diet from d 0 to 7 after weaning resulted in a linear improvement in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFl). Pigs fed diets containing plasma also consumed more feed and were more efficient in feed conversion (F/G) compared to pigs fed the control diet. Adding plasma to the diet also improved ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 14 postweaning. No interactions occurred between level and source; however, pigs fed diets containing SDPP or LAPP had slightly higher ADFI than pigs fed diets containing SDBP d 0 to 14. Feeding a common Phase II diet from d 14 to 28 postweaning had no effect on growth performance. Overall, the pigs fed the plasma sources had greater ADG and ADFI than pigs fed the control diet. These data confirm that feeding spray-dried plasma protein improves growth performance from d 0 to 14 postweaning.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Evaluation of potato protein in starter pig diets

In two separate trials, the use of potato protein (75% CP, 5.9% lysine), as a replacement for spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in Phase I and for spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) and select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) in Phase II diets (d 0 to 14 and d 7 to 28 postweaning, respectively), was evaluated. In Exp. 1, 185 weanling pigs (initially 9.7 Ib and 15.5 d of age) were blocked by weight and gender and allotted in a randomized complete block design to one of five dietary treatments. The control diet was formulated to 1.5% lysine and .42% methionine and contained 3% SDPP and 25% dried whey. The experimental diets were formulated by substituting, on an equal lysine basis, additional SDPP (2.5 or 5% added; 5.5 or 8% total) or potato protein (2.6% or 5.1%) for soybean meal (SBM) in the control diet. These diets were fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning. From d 14 to 28, all pigs were fed a common Phase II diet. During d 0 to 14 postweaning, pigs fed diets containing 5.5 or 8% SDPP had improved (P<.05) average daily gain (ADG) compared with those fed the control diet or the diet with 5.1 % potato protein. No differences were observed in ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs fed the diet with 2.6% potato protein compared with pigs fed the control diet or diets with additional SDPP. Feed intake was increased for pigs fed 8% SDPP and decreased for pigs fed the 5.1 % potato protein, when compared to the control group. Feed efficiency (G/F) was not affected by dietary treatment. Overall (d 0 to 28), no differences occurred in ADG, ADFI, and F/G among treatments. In Exp. 2, 270 weanling pigs (initially 13.7 lb and 20 d of age) were used. Pigs were blocked by weight and gender and assigned to each of three dietary treatments at weaning. There were 15 pigs per pen with six replicate pens per treatment. From d 0 to 7 postweaning, all pigs were fed the same diet that was formulated to 1.5% lysine and contained 10% SDPP and 25% dried whey. The Phase II experimental diets contained 10% dried whey and were formulated to 1.25% lysine and .34% methionine. The protein sources, 2.50% SDBM, 4.8% SMFM, or 3.92% potato protein, were substituted on an equal lysine basis, with all diets containing 22.63% SBM. From d 7 to 28 postweaning, pigs fed potato protein had decreased ADG and F/G. No differences occurred between pigs fed either SDBM or SMFM. These results suggest that potato protein as a plant protein should replace these more expensive animal protein sources only in limited amounts.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

The effects of substituting spray-dried whole egg from egg grading plants for spray-dried plasma protein in phase I diets

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Effect of chelated trace minerals on nursery pig growth performance

A total of 442 weanling pigs (initial age and wt of 22 d and 14.4 lb, respectively) was used on a commercial farm in northeast Kansas to evaluate growth performance with diets containing a chelated trace mineral premix or an inorganic trace mineral premix. Minerals evaluated in the premixes provided 16.5 ppm Cu, 165 ppm Fe, 40 ppm Mn, and 165 ppm Zn. For the inorganic trace mineral treatment, the mineral sources were copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganous oxide, and zinc oxide. The chelated trace mineral premix had the following fractions of these minerals provided as amino acid chelates: 109.7% of Cu, 75.8% of Fe, 78.1% of Mn, and 47.0% of Zn with the balance coming from the previous inorganic sources to make diets similar in added trace mineral content. All diets also contained copper sulfate, providing an additional 188 ppm Cu. Pigs fed the chelated trace mineral had increased average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) , and lower feed efficiency (F/G) from d 0 to 7 postweaning. No differences occurred between treatments in ADG or ADFI from d 7 to 14. For this same period, pigs fed the inorganic trace minerals had lower F/G than pigs fed the chelated trace minerals. For the entire Phase I period (d 0 to 14), pigs fed the chelated trace minerals had greater ADFI with no difference in ADG or F/G. No differences occurred in ADG or FIG for the Phase II period (d 14 to 28). However, pigs fed the inorganic trace minerals had increased ADFI (P> .02). For the entire nursery period (d 0 to 28), no differences occurred in ADG, ADFI, and F/G between pigs fed either chelated or inorganic trace minerals. Based on the improved performance observed, chelated trace minerals may have been more available, which benefitted the weanling pig during the stressful first week postweaning. However, for the entire nursery period, based on this single study, no significant differences occurred in growth performance for pigs fed either trace mineral source.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Extruded sorghum and soybeans for nursery pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of extruding sorghum and soybeans for weanling pigs. The first experiment involved 66 piglets with an average age of 19 d and average weight of 10.8 lb. Two diets were fed in meal form. Treatment 1 was ground sorghum mixed with extruded soybeans, and Treatment 2 was prepared by extruding the mixture of ground sorghum and extruded soybeans. Extrusion of the sorghum-soybeans mixture increased average daily gain (ADG) and improved feed/gain (F/G) for d 0 to 14 and overall (d o to 28) compared to the ground sorghum treatment. In Exp. 2, 48 piglets averaging 23 d of age and average weight 13.0 lb were used to determine the potential for increased pig performance by double extrusion of soybeans. Diets were similar to those used in Exp. 1, with treatments of 1) ground sorghumextruded soybeans, 2) extruded mixture of ground sorghum and extruded soybeans, and 3) ground sorghum with double-extruded soybeans. The extruded sorghumsoybeans mixture and double-extruded soybeans did not affect ADG from d 0 to 14, although there was a numerical improvement in F/G compared to the ground sorghum-extruded soybeans treatment. For d 14 to 28 and overall (d 0 to 28), average daily feed intake was reduced by extrusion of the sorghumextruded soybeans mixture and double-extruded soybeans, with no effect on ADG or F/G. Extrusion of sorghum improved growth performance of nursery-age pigs, but more information is needed to define the processing conditions and end-product characteristics that yield consistent improvements in nutritional value.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 19, 1992

Effects of various fractions of spray-dried plasma protein on performance of early-weaned pigs.

This report is brought to you for free and open access by New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. Copyright 1995 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service.