John H. Wood

Dynamic simulation of pharmacokinetic systems using the electrical circuit analysis program SPICE2

The electrical circuit simulation program SPICE2 is used to perform computer simulations of linear and non-linear pharmacokinetic systems. This is achieved by applying novel network thermodynamic principles which make use of the analogy between the conservation laws of chemical reactions and mass transport and Kirchoffs laws of current and voltage balance for electrical circuits. A simple description of program input for general pharmacokinetic simulation as well as simulation of complex pharmacokinetic and physiologic phenomena such as single and multiple divided daily dosing, Michaelis--Menten kinetics, gastric emptying cycle, drug resorption and linear and non-linear drug protein binding is provided. Drug concentrations or amounts in different compartments are graphically obtained or tabulated as time functions. The economy of time and effort afforded by this program is illustrated by simulating the metabolism and accumulation kinetics of salicylic acid on single and repeated divided dosing. The advantages of SPICE2 over other available simulation packages and its educational value as a teaching and research tool are discussed.

Kinetic Implications of Drug Resorption from the Bladder

(1983). Kinetic Implications of Drug Resorption from the Bladder. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 407-423.

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites in urine by direct injection.

A direct injection method has been developed for the determination of salicylic acid and its metabolites in urine. Urine samples are treated with hydroxylamine to convert salicyl acyl glucuronide to salicylhydroxamic acid, which can be accurately quantitated by direct injection into a high-performance liquid chromatographic system along with salicylic acid, gentisic acid and salicyluric acid. Salicyl phenolic glucuronide is quantitated by difference after hydrochloric acid hydrolysis at 65 degrees C with no loss of salicylic acid by sublimation or hydrolytic loss of salicyluric acid. This method has been applied to urine samples from human subjects and the results are discussed.

USE OF A pH-STAT DILUTION TO DETERMINE CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATIONS AND COUNTERION CONCENTRATIONS OF IONIC MICELLES1

Abstract The use of a pH-stat to determine the critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) of ionic micellar solutions is described. Counterion is released with the dilution of an ionic micellar solution at all concentrations above the c.m.c. The titration of the released counterion permits the evaluation of the c.m.c. and the associated amount of counterion for any concentration above the c.m.c. The diluent is the same medium in which the micelle is dissolved. Thus any ionic strength, ion composition, or pH may be used. Examples of the method to determine the c.m.c. of promethazine hydrochloride in water and of tetracaine hydrochloride in 0.128 N NaCl as a function of pH are given. Also the c.m.c of promethazine hydrochloride - Tween 80 mixtures was examined as a function of mole fraction.

Monitoring the Stability of Topical Products

AbstractTopical pharmaceutics must be monitored for stability to physical, chemical and microbiological criteria. There criteria are reviewed in relation to the type of dosage formulation involved. Possible bioavailability criteria are also considered.