John Hope Franklin

The Development of Southern Sectionalism

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Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement

T HE Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century radically reorganized American life; the Civil War cruelly disrupted the economic, political, and social structure; and the Reconstruction brought forth innumerable irritations and social maladjustments. These epoch-making occurrences rendered the last quarter of the century a period replete with new conditons of life. The succession of events gave clear proof of the industrial unrest and economic difficulties that threatened American society. This memorable period in American history presented features that were at once encouraging and discouraging: encouraging because they produced cities which became the industrial centers of the world, cores of action, as it were, from which emanated forces providing life for other areas; discouraging because these same cities failed to provide thousands-yes, millionsof their own inhabitants with the bare necessaries of life.

Whither Reconstruction Historiography

Professor E. Merton Coulters The South During Reconstruction 186518771 is widely considered a significant contribution to reconstruction historiography. For a generation, now, students of American history have been turning to cooperative historical writing in the effort to cope with the growing body of source materials that defy satisfactory and comprehensive treatment by a single author. The first major effort to write a cooperative history of the South was undertaken in 1909 by Julian A. C. Chandler and others.2 This present effort, A History of the South, is under the editorship of Professor Coulter and Professor Wendell H. Stephenson and is being sponsored by the Louisiana State University Press, its publisher, and the Littlefield Fund for Southern History of the University of Texas. Its contributors are among the Souths most distinguished historians, and its ten volumes will cover the period from 1607 to 1946. Ellis Merton Coulter, a professor of history at the University of Georgia, is the author of many works on Southern history. His Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky3 is regarded as the definitive work on that subject, while his College Life in the Old

The New Negro History

During the last two decades some significant changes have taken place in the writing, teaching, and study of the history of the Negro in the United States. On almost every side there has been a remarkable growth of interest in the history of the Negro. Of equal importance has been the modification of the approaches of those who have participated in writing the history. It is not necessary to evaluate precisely the impact of these developments to state, at the outset, that they have great relevance to any understanding of the rapidly unfolding developments in human relations in the United States. In discussing the history of a people one must distinguish between what has actually happened and what those who have written the history have said has happened. So far as the actual history of the American Negro is concerned, there is nothing particularly new about it. It is an exciting story, a remarkable story. It is the story of slavery and freedom, humanity and inhumanity, democracy and its denial. It is tragedy and triumph, suffering and compassion, sadness and joy. The actual history of the Negro is David Walker in 1828 calling on his people to throw off the shackles of slavery by any means at their command. It is Robert Smalls in 1863 delivering a Confederate vessel into the hands of United States forces. It is Booker T. Washington electrifying a Southern audience and hammering out a program of accommodation and adjustment in a section inflamed by racial intolerance. It

Afro-American History: State of the Art@@@Black History and the Historical Profession, 1915-1980@@@The State of Afro-American History: Past, Present, and Future

During the past thirty years or so, there has been a veritable explosion of the field of Afro-American history. The field expanded, as it had come into being, in connection with efforts to protect the rights and to improve the lives of American blacks. Civil rights advocates in the fifties and sixties enlisted history to support their cause. On the basis of history alone, they argued, black people deserved equal consideration with others in the enjoyment of economic, social, and political justice. Blacks, they said, had fought and died to eradicate racial and religious bigotry in the world, but the beneficiaries, aside from American whites, seemed to be the former adversaries of the United States, such as Germany and Japan. Even the conditions of darker peoples in faraway places had improved as the colonial yoke was lifted and newly independent states joined the family of nations. Schools and colleges, they insisted, must broaden their curriculum offerings to include courses on the black experience to enlighten the whites and inspire the blacks. Even litigants arguing their cases for equal treatment summoned history to prove that it was on the side of blacks. Since history validated their claims, Afro-Americans felt that their history should be studied more intensely, written about more extensively, and taught more vigorously.

Slavery and the Martial South

When Southern sectionalism emerged as a powerful force in the third decade of the nineteenth century, the aggressive belligerency of the people of the South became one of their outstanding attributes. In their relationships among themselves and with others, accusations, threats and challenges were a part of the general conduct; while duels, fights and other forms of violence became almost as common as the most ordinary pursuits of daily life. The atmosphere of the entire South seemed charged with a martial spirit; and pugnacity achieved a respectability, even among the upper classes, that doomed any moves toward gentility and mutual understanding. There were, perhaps, many factors that contributed to this martial spirit, and there were many aspects of life in the South that reflected its numerous manifestations. Among them were the conditions of frontier living, the Indian danger, the strong attachment of the people to military organizations, and the widespread preparedness movement in the two decades preceding the Civil War. Few of them, however, had the profound effect that slavery had both in shaping the martial tradition of the South and in illustrating the ways that the spirit of belligerency could manifest itself.

From Slavery to Freedom

Thomas Buchell Sworn Marshall Green and Susan Johnson are the property of the Estate of John Bushell. He has been dead three years next March I think. The negroes at the time he died had run away. I don’t know how long I think one year. I have known Marshall and Susan all my life I lived on the adjoining farm. I will be twentyone years old next June. The Negro man is older than me considerably the woman three or four years. They have been absent four years. They have been absent ever since except Marshall was taken up last August and taken home and my father allowed him to come after his children and return home. The children were born in Cecil County in Maryland. There were three He had no other children when he came away. John Buchell had 5 or 10 slaves he liberated none. I don’t know that ever my uncle used any means to recover these persons. I came after them the first time with my father –I have not seen Marshall since last August. Jos: Joyce Sworn I have been Marshall 15 years or thereabouts. My acquaintance commenced in Cecil County. He was in the possession of John Buchell as his slave. I have no doubt he is the ↑same↑ person I have known as Marshall Green at John Bushell’s I have not seen Marshall for 5 years. He was then on J. Bushell’s farm. I lived within two miles of the farm. I saw Marshall frequently during the 15 years perhaps 2 or 3 times a week. I have not seen him here before I saw him in the Court I have spoken to him and know him to be the same man.