José Alfredo Sturion

Avaliação genética em erva-mate pelo procedimento BLUP individual multivariado sob interação genótipo x ambiente

The objectives of this paper were to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters and to predict breeding values for parents and provenances of Ilex paraguariensis. Eight provenances with 164 progenies were evaluated on three sites (Ivai, PR, Guarapuava, PR and Rio Azul, PR) for the trait leaf weight (LW). All the variance components, parameters and breeding values were obtained by REML/BLUP (restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction) procedure at the indi- vidual level, through multivariate analysis involving the three sites. The individual strict sense herita- bilities for the trait LW were 0.15 in Ivai, 0.62 in Guarapuava and 0.23 in Rio Azul, demanding more sophisticated selection methods in Ivai and Rio Azul. The provenance effect was significant in Ivai and Rio Azul, with intraclass phenotypic correlation of 0.13 in Ivai and 0.09 in Rio Azul. The provenances were more stable across sites than progenies with genetic correlation of 0.95 between the sites Ivai and Rio Azul. Genetic values for all provenances and parents in all sites were predicted for the trait LW. The best provenances are Barao de Cotegipe, Quedas do Iguacu, Cascavel and Ivai.

Quantitative genetic analysis of methylxanthines and phenolic compounds in mate progenies

The objective of this work was to determine the contents of methylxanthines, caffeine and theobromine, and phenolic compounds, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, in 51 mate progenies (half-sib families) and estimate the heritability of genetic parameters. Mate progenies were from five Brazilian municipalities: Pinhao, Ivai, Barao de Cotegipe, Quedas do Iguacu, and Cascavel. The progenies were grown in the Ivai locality. The contents of the compounds were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The estimation of genetic parameters by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and the prediction of genotypic values via best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) were obtained by the Selegen - REML/BLUP software. Caffeine (0.248-1.663%) and theobromine (0.106-0.807%) contents were significantly different (p 0.5). The two different progeny groups determined for chlorogenic (1.365-2.281%) and caffeic (0.027-0.037%) acid contents were not significantly different (p<0.05) depending on the locality of origin. Individual heritability values were low to medium for chlorogenic (ĥ2<0.4) and caffeic acid (ĥ2<0.3). The content of the compounds and the values of genetic parameters could support breeding programs for mate.

Valor nutricional de folhas jovens de erva-mate

A Erva-mate é muito usada para produção de bebidas para consumo humano. Na primavera, a planta desenvolve folhas jovens que podem representar um novo nicho de mercado na indústria de erva-mate; este período é chamado nesse estudo de prea-safrinha. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar os teores nutricionais totais e hidrossolúveis de folhas jovens de erva-mate coletadas na primavera e seu potencial nutricional para o consumo humano. Para representar folhas jovens da pre-safrinha, o material vegetal recolhido foi limitado ao terceiro botão terminal. A análise química total e hidrossolúvel de folhas das procedências Cascavel (progênie 174), Ivaí (progênie 6), Barão de Cotegipe (progênies 68 e 69) incluiu os seguintes elementos: P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu e Zn. O conteúdo dos elementos da bebida obtida a partir da infusão de folhas jovens de ervamate na ingestão diária recomendada variou de 0,5 a 11,5 % e se apresentou na seguinte ordem: Cu > Mn > K > P > Mg > Fe > Zn > Ca > Na. Progênies e morfotipos de ervamate mostraram pouca variação no conteúdo total de nutrientes e não diferiram quanto ao conteúdo de nutrientes hidrossolúveis avaliados nas folhas jovens. Sendo assim, o extrato obtido a partir de folhas jovens de erva-mate apresenta potencial de uso para o consumo humano. Pesquisa Florestal

Composição nutricional de procedências e progênies de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) cultivadas em latossolo vermelho distrófico

Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. e uma especie florestal de grande importância socioeconomica para os estados sulinos do Brasil. Objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa, avaliar o estado nutricional de procedencias (Ivai-PR e Barao de Cotegipe-RS) e suas respectivas progenies em Latossolo Vermelho distrofico, no municipio de Ivai - PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes, tendo como tratamento duas procedencias e cinco progenies. Analisaram-se os macronutrientes, micronutrientes, Al e Na. Os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca e Mg foram considerados satisfatorios, sendo que os nutrientes N, P, Ca e Mg apresentaram diferenca significativa para ambas as procedencias analisadas. Dentro das procedencias, as progenies de Ivai, destacaram diferenca significativa para os nutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Porem, para as progenies de Barao de Cotegipe, constatou-se diferenca significativa apenas para os teores de Ca e Mg. Para as duas procedencias, os teores foliares de Fe, Cu e Mn foram considerados satisfatorios. A concentracao de Zn foi considerada baixa e a de B elevada. Os teores de Al foram considerados normais para a especie. Quanto ao Na, nao se observou diferenca significativa entre procedencias. Os teores de Zn, Fe, Cu, bem como de Al e Na, diferiram estatisticamente entre as progenies de Barao de Cotegipe e Ivai. A procedencia de Ivai apresentou teores mais elevados tanto de macro como de micronutrientes, comparativamente a procedencia de Barao de Cotegipe, indicando que um programa de melhoramento genetico podera refletir significativamente na melhoria da qualidade da erva-mate com fins de qualidade nutricional humana. Comparando as medias do peso da massa verde das procedencias, ha ganho significativo da copa da procedencia de Barao de Cotegipe, o que nao e acompanhado pelo peso da massa seca de 100 folhas.

Stability of beverages of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) with soy

Purpose – Forasmuch as the consumer’s demand for food products that provide nutrition and health benefits has considerably increased in the past decade, the authors decided to join two important Brazilian commodities in a high-nutrition drink: yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is rich in several bioactive compounds, and soybean is a high-quality protein source. To optimize the design and maximize the acceptability of the beverage, the authors studied its stability during storage. The beverage developed allows enlarging of the potential market of yerba mate, taking profit of the growing call for the consumption of antioxidant foods and benefits small-scale producers. Design/methodology/approach – Twelve beverages were formulated with extract of yerba mate from leaves of planted (P) and native trees (N), both enriched with water-soluble soy extract (WSE). Among all formulations, two of them, which were sensorially preferred in a previous study, were selected to investigate their market potential. During the ...

Seleção precoce e classificação de progênies de erva-mate

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of early selection of open-pollinated yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) progenies, and to classify the best parents and candidates for clones. The germplasm is composed of 140 progenies collected from areas within the natural distribution of the species in Southern Brazil and a commercial genotype (control). The experiment was established in Ivaí, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, in March 1997, in randomized complete blocks, with ten replicates, and linear plots of six plants. The commercial mass (kg per plant) of leaves and branches smaller than 7 mm was harvested at 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, and 18.7 years of age. The statistical evaluation was performed using the mixed model procedure with restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction, using the Selegen software. High selective accuracy, significant progeny effects, and genetic variability for commercial mass production were observed for the four harvesting ages. The application of early selection for leaf mass production is feasible for yerba mate progenies harvested at 6.5 years. The selection of the best trees, either for use as parents or as candidates for cloning, provides significant gains for the genetic breeding of yerba mate.

Genetic and phytochemical analysis to evaluate the diversity and relationships of mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) elite genetic resources in a germplasm collection.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical and genetic diversity, relationships and identification of mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.‐Hil.) elite genetic resources belonging to the Brazilian germplasm collection and mate breeding program. Mate has been studied due to the presence of phytochemical compounds, especially methylxanthines and phenolic compounds. The samples were collected from the leaves of 76 mate elite genetic resources (16 progenies × 5 localities). Total DNA was extracted from mate leaves and 20 random primers were used for DNA amplification. Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine) and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and criptochlorogenic acids) were quantified by HPLC. The genetic divergence estimated was higher within (92%) than among (8%) the different populations. Analysis of genetic distance between origins provided the formation of two groups by UPGMA cluster analysis, with higher polymorphism (94.9%). The average content of caffeine ranged from 0.01 to 1.38% and theobromine of 0.10 – 0.85% (w/w). The caffeoylquinic acids concentrations (1.43 – 5.38%) showed a gradient 3‐CQA > 5‐CQA > 4‐CQA. The coefficient of genetic variation (CVg) was of low magnitude for all mono‐caffeoylquinics acids. Significant correlations (positive and negative) were observed between the phytochemical compounds. Genetic diversity analysis performed by RAPD markers showed a greater intra‐populational diversity; genetic resources with low caffeine and higher theobromine content were identified and can be used in breeding programs; the correlation between methylxanthines and phenolic compounds can be used as a good predictor in future studies.

Genetic parameters estimates and visual selection for leaves production in Ilex paraguariensis.

The selection of yerba mate superior genotypes, based on each plant leaf weight, is based on genetic parameters obtained from experimental plantations and it is practically impossible from the fourth year of age. Therefore, we estimate genetic parameters and check the feasibility of selection through notes and weight estimates of each tree at 18.5 years of age. The genetic material consists of a combined trial of provenances and progenies of half-sibs with 140 progenies from 7 provenances, installed in Ivai, Parana, Brazil, in a randomized block design with 10 repetitions. The genetic control of leaf production is of low magnitude (h2a = 0.175042 ± 0.0393) revealing high influence of the environment. The additive genetic correlations between the real weight of leaves × notes and real weight of leaves × visually estimated weight were of high magnitude (higher than 88%). Thus, the selection based on the leaves weight can be carried out without major losses in genetic gains by both methodologies when the purpose is the sexual selection, in which case the sort order has no importance. In the case of vegetative propagation, aiming clonal plantations, in which only the plants with the highest genotypic values should be selected, the selection by means of notes and leaves weight estimates proved to be inefficient.

INDIRECT AND EXPEDITE ASSESSMENT OF Ilex paraguariensis COMMERCIAL YIELD

A producao de biomassa comercial e uns dos principais indicadores para selecao de progenies e clones de erva-mate. Tecnicas tradicionais para se obter tais informacoes dependem da colheita das arvores e apresentam, dentre outras limitacoes, elevado custo e reduzida praticidade. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiencia de metodos indiretos, por meio de estimativa de biomassa comercial e escore de produtividade em funcao de diferentes procedencias, sexo e morfotipos. Em um teste de progenies e procedencias instalado em 1997, foram avaliadas em agosto de 2015 (dois anos apos a ultima colheita) duas metodologias de analise visual. Para tanto, participaram cinco avaliadores treinados que determinaram, para cada planta, uma estimativa de biomassa comercial (kg), e uma nota, com base em um escore de produtividade (0-10). Para avaliacao da produtividade pelas tecnicas tradicionais, todas as plantas foram podadas e tiveram sua biomassa comercial (folhas e ramos finos menores de 7 mm de diâmetro) colhida e avaliada por meio de pesagem (Kg.planta-1). As avaliacoes foram realizadas em experimento instalado em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repeticoes, sete procedencias e 126 progenies, totalizando 5292 plantas avaliadas. Os metodos avaliados foram eficientes na estimativa da biomassa comercial. Os avaliadores apresentaram boa acuidade nas estimativas, expressando de forma eficiente a maior produtividade determinada por comparacao de medias entre as procedencias, sexo das matrizes e morfotipos. As maiores correlacoes foram verificadas na analise geral das medias e a estimativa de biomassa comercial e a melhor metodologia para estimar a biomassa comercial aferida em plantas adultas de erva-mate.

Relação de Zn, Fe, Cu e Mn entre solo e progênies de erva-mate

A erva-mate (Ilex Paraguariensis St. Hil.) possui crescimento consideravel em solos acidos e de baixa fertilidade. O conhecimento da relacao entre solo e planta contribuira com os programas de melhoramento genetico ao serem selecionadas progenies habeis na aquisicao e assimilacao de nutrientes. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a interferencia da procedencia e ou progenie nas relacoes estabelecidas entre os teores de Zn, Fe, Cu e Mn extraiveis do solo, obtidos pelas solucoes extratoras Mehlich-1, na proporcao 1:10, e EDTA a 1%, com os teores nas folhas de erva-mate. No experimento, foram utilizadas, como tratamento, as procedencias de erva-mate, Ivai - PR e Barao de Cotegipe - RS, com cinco progenies cada. As amostras estiveram distribuidas em 4 blocos ao acaso, totalizando 120 amostras de plantas relacionadas a 120 amostras de Latossolo Vermelho Distrofico. Os resultados foram analisados e ajustados em equacoes de regressao. Na procedencia Ivai foram evidenciadas correlacoes entre Zn e Mn do solo, com os teores nas folhas, para a progenie 04, em ambas as solucoes extratoras. O Mn do solo se correlacionou com o Mn nas folhas, pelo EDTA, para as progenies 08 e 10, e pelo Mehlich-1, apenas para a progenie 10. Na procedencia de Barao de Cotegipe as correlacoes ocorreram entre Zn, Fe e Cu do solo com os teores nas folhas, pelo EDTA, para as progenies 61, 65 e 69, respectivamente. Houve correlacao para Mn e Cu, pelo Mehlich-1, para as progenies 53 e 69, respectivamente, e para Cu, pelo EDTA, para a progenie 53.