Alexandre de Oliveira Teixeira

Determinação da biodisponibilidade do fósforo de diferentes fontes pela técnica de diluição isotópica, em suínos em crescimento

Twenty-eight male pigs averaging 28.95 kg were used to determine endogenous fecal losses, true absorption and phosphorus bioavailability in different phosphorus sources. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four repplicates and one pig/box. The diets were corn and soybean meal-based and the phosphorus (P) was supplemented through different phosphate sources: dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST), simple superphosphate (SS), Catalao rock (ROCHA) and phosphoric acid (AcF) and diet control without supplemental P (CONT). Phosphorus intake, excretion through feces and urine, retention and absorption were lower in the diet with smaller phosphorus level. Supplemental inorganic P did not affect intake, endogenous fecal P and retained P. However, the P excretion in the feces was smaller for the animals fed SS and greater for those fed ROCHA. P excretion in the urine was greater for the animals fed AcF and smaller for those fed ROCHA. It can be concluded P bioavailability was of 43.82, 89.44, 82.65, 76.90, 98.73, 90.03, and 63.26 for the treatments CONT, FBC, MBC, ST, SS, AcF and ROCHA, respectively.

Dietas para leitões em aleitamento e pós-desmame

Two hundred crossbred piglets (Landrace ´ Large White), fed in the period from 14 to 56 days of age, were assigned to a randomized block design with four treatments and five replicates, to evaluate the effects of different diets on the piglets performance, relative and absolute weights of liver and pancreas in suckling and post-weaning periods. The treatments consisted of four diets, that were supplied from 14 to 42 days of age, when were replaced by a simple diet (nursing ration). The results allowed to conclude that all diets containing sources of hight protein quality, like integral dried milk and fish meal, withouth supplementary source of energetic foods, like dried whey when supplied pigs from 14 days to 42 days of age, provide the same results for the pigs weaned to the 28 days of age and receiving simple diets with corn and soybean meal.

Fisiologia digestiva de suínos alimentados com rações contendo diferentes fontes de fósforo

The source of phosphorus of better quality for use in the pig feeding and that cause less environment impact by the excretion of phosphorus in the enviroment was evaluated. Twenty-one male pigs weighting 34.94 ± 2.88 were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with different P sources: control without P supplementation P (Cont), dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST), simple superphosphate (SS), Catalao rock (Rocha) and phosphoric acid (AcF). The experiment was designed to evaluate the P availability and P excretion to environment. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with seven treatments and three replicates and one pig/box. The model was deterministic and compartimental, in which the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (C1), plasma C2, bones (C3) and soft tissues (liver, heart, kidney and muscle) (C4) represented the compartments. Metabolism data and kinetics of P in tissues were obtained by the isotopic dilution technique. The simple superphosphate is the phosphorus source with the smallest capacity for polluting the environment, best bioavailability and most efficient use for the metabolism of growing swine.

Níveis de substituição do fosfato bicálcico pelo monobicálcico em dietas para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação

ABSTRACT - Fifty-six pigs (average initial weight of 28.47 kg) were assigned to a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme4 x 2 (levels of dicalcium phosphate substitution x sex) with four repplicates for males and three for females, with two animal s per experimentalunit, to evaluate the effects of replacement levels of phosphate dicalcium by phosphate monodicalcium on the performance, blood and boneparameters of swine fed during the growing (30 to 60 kg) and finishing (60 to 90 kg) phases. Corn and soybean meal based -diets withphosphorus supplemented with replacement levels of 33.33, 66.67 and 100% of phosphate dicalcium (FBC) by monodicalcium (MBC)were formulated based on the values of total phosphorus, i.e., isophosphoric (0.56 and 0.42% in the growth and finishing phases,respectively). The levels of substitution of FBC for MBC did not influence the performance, absolute and relative weight of the kidneysand liver, carcass yield and blood parameters. However, a linear decrease was observed in the ash, phosphorus and calcium conte nts of thebones and a lineal increase in the thickness of the compact layer and in the layer compact/periosteal relationship of the bones with thesubstitution of FBC by MBC. It was conclude that during the growth and finishing phases the total and/or partial substitution o f phosphatedicalcium by monodicalcium does not influence the performance of the animals.Key Words: fluorine, histology bone, nutrition, breaking strength, blood serumFifty-six pigs (average initial weight of 28.47 kg) were assigned to a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 (levels of dicalcium phosphate substitution x sex) with four repplicates for males and three for females, with two animals per experimental unit, to evaluate the effects of replacement levels of phosphate dicalcium by phosphate monodicalcium on the performance, blood and bone parameters of swine fed during the growing (30 to 60 kg) and finishing (60 to 90 kg) phases. Corn and soybean meal based -diets with phosphorus supplemented with replacement levels of 33.33, 66.67 and 100% of phosphate dicalcium (FBC) by monodicalcium (MBC) were formulated based on the values of total phosphorus, i.e., isophosphoric (0.56 and 0.42% in the growth and finishing phases, respectively). The levels of substitution of FBC for MBC did not influence the performance, absolute and relative weight of the kidneys and liver, carcass yield and blood parameters. However, a linear decrease was observed in the ash, phosphorus and calcium contents of the bones and a lineal increase in the thickness of the compact layer and in the layer compact/periosteal relationship of the bones with the substitution of FBC by MBC. It was conclude that during the growth and finishing phases the total and/or partial substitution of phosphate dicalcium by monodicalcium does not influence the performance of the animals.

Efeito de dietas simples e complexas sobre a morfo-fisiologia gastrintestinal de leitões até 35 dias de idade

ABSTRACT - An experiment was conducted with objective to evaluate the effect of the simple and complex diets on the morpho-fisiologycal gastrointestinal of young pigs, on their pre nursery (7 th to 21 st day) and nursery phases (21 st to 35 nd of age). Ninety sixcrossbreed young pigs (male and females) were allotted to a randomized block design with four treatments, six replications and four youngpigs for each experimental unit. It were used diets: two simple; a with 16 and the other with 19% the protein (CP) and two complex;a to the base corn, fish meal, dried milk, corn gluten without the use of soybean meal (CSFS) and the other to the base corn, fish meal,dried milk, soybean meal, without the use of corn gluten (CCFS), both with 19% the CP. The pigs were slaughtered at 14, 21, 28 and35 days of age. There was reduction of liver absolute and relative weights and of pancreas relative weights, by using CSFS diet. pH ofthe stomach and intestine contents was not influenced by the diet . The animals fed simple diet with 16% of CP and complex CSFS showedlarger crypt depth (CD) at 21 and 35 days of age, respectively, but did not show effect on the villous height (VH) and villous:crypt relation(VCR). CD it increased linearly, while VH and RVC decreased quadraticly until 27

Ractopamina e fitase em dietas para suínos na fase de terminação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ractopamine and enzyme phytase on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Three hundred and fifty-four commercial type barrows were used from a single source with 94.1 ± 5.7 kg initial body weight in a randomized complete block design, with six treatments and five replications with 11 or 12 animals per experimental unit evaluated. The following feeds were: control diet based on tables of nutritional requirements; (A) diet control with nutritional adjustment for ractopamine; (FIT) diet A with phytase; (RAC) diet A with ractopamine; (RAC+FIT) diet A with ractopamine and phytase; and (RAC+FITe) diet A with ractopamine and phytase with part of the demands for calcium and available phosphorus met by the enzyme. The experiment lasted 21 days and at the end the animals were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The results were compared by orthogonal contrasts. Feed intake was not influenced by the diets. The diet with adjusted protein and amino acid levels and without ractopamine did not improve performance compared with the control diet. There was effect of ractopamine on daily gain and feed conversion at the end of the 21-day period, and also on the pre-slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, carcass dressing, total fat-free lean and payment index. Phytase inclusion in diets containing ractopamin for calcium and phosphorus available levels above the finishing pigs´ requirements did not effect the weight gain, feed conversion and carcass traits. Ractopamine improved performance and carcass traits. The use of phytase in diets containing ractopamine in partial substitution of inorganic mineral sources made possibly to maintain performance and carcass traits.

Utilização de enzimas exógenas em dietas com diferentes fontes e níveis de proteína para leitões na fase de creche

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of exogenous enzymes in diets with different protein levels and sources for pigs during the nursery period. In the first experiment, 80 pigs from 21 to 51 days of age, weaned at 14 days of age, were assigned to a randomized blocks experimental design, in a 2x2x2 factorial (two protein levels; with or without meat and bone meal; with or without enzyme), with five replicates and two pigs/box, and fed a corn (C), soybean meal (SBM) and dried whey (DW)-based diets. In the second experiment, 40 pigs from 28 to 45 days of age, weaned at 21 days of age, were assigned to a randomized blocks, with four treatments, five replicates and two pigs/box, fed a control diet (C, SBM and DW-based diet with 18% crude protein - CP) and three diets with different levels of enzymatic complex (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%). In the first experiment, no interaction was observed among protein level, presence or absence of meat and bone meal (MBM) and presence or absence of enzyme. Reduction of ADG and ADFI was observed at the dietary level of 18% CP. No effect of MBM inclusion and 0.2% enzyme in the diet was detected. In the experiment II, it was observed increasing linear effect for ADG and ADFI, as the enzyme level increase. The addition of 0.4% of exogenous enzymes provided the best economical return for the ration cost. It was concluded that the level of 21% CP and the addition of increasing exogenous enzyme levels in corn and soybean meal-based diets improve pig performance, that is not affected by the inclusion of 5% the meat and bone meal in the diets.

Estimativas do fluxo de fósforo entre os compartimentos anatômicos e fisiológicos de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes de fósforo

Twenty-one castrated male pigs with a medium weight of 31.94 kg were used to simulate the phosphorus (P) flow between its anatomical or physiological compartments. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four replicates and one pig/box. Corn and soybean meal-based diets were fed and P was supplied from different phosphate sources: dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST), simple superphosphate (SS), catalao rock (ROCHA) and phosphoric acid (AcF) and diet control without supplemental P (CONT). At the end of the seventh day, 7.4MBq of 32P were injected in the animals. Samples of feces, urine and blood were collected during seven days. The amount of P excreted in the feces was greater in the ROCHA diet and smaller in the CONT and AcF diets. Urinary P was greater in the AcF, SS and ST diets and smaller in CONT. The diets did not influence the specific activity (SA) in the feces and in the bones. SA in the blood was smaller in the diet ROCHA. SA in the soft tissues was greater in the diet CONT and smaller in the ST and AcF diets. The flow of P in the digestive tract for the blood was smaller in the CONT diet. The diet containing ROCHA showed greater flow of P from the blood to the bone. Animals fed diets ROCHA and CONT reabsorbed more P from the bone. Soft tissue mobilization in the blood was greater in the ROCHA and CONT diets. It was concluded that CONT and ROCHA diet did not supply enough P to meet swine nutritional requirement, making the phosphorus flow from the soft tissues and bones more intense, in order to maintain a stable P in the blood. The use of tissues phosphoric acid and simple superphosphate levels in the diets overloaded the kidneys, in the elimination of surplus P though the urine.

Cinética do radiofósforo em tecidos de suínos em crescimento alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes de fósforo

ABSTRACT - Twenty-one castrated male pigs averaging 31.94 kg were used to evaluate phosphorus kinetics in swine tissues. Theexperiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with seven treatments, four replicates and one pig/box. The diets were corn and soybeanmeal-based and P supplementation from the following sources: dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST);simple superphosphate (SS), Catalao rock (ROCHA) phosphoric acid (AcF), and diet controls without supplemental P (CONT). Atthe end of the seventh day applying the 7,4MBq of 32 P, three animals were slaughtered per treatment. Animals fed CONT presenteda smaller concentration of P in the tissues and those fed SS and ST presented greater concentration. P concentration in the bone was superiorto that in the liver and kidney, with the smallest was observed in the heart and muscle. The rate of 32 P retention in the tissues decreasedas follows: liver, kidney, muscle, heart and bone. Retention rate was highest in the animals fed diet CONT and smallest in the animalsfed AcF and ST. Substitution of stable P by radioactive P was greater in the animals fed CONT and smaller for MBC and ST. The liverand kidney presented the highest substitution rate, followed by the heart and muscle, with the bone presenting a smaller rate. The exchangeof

Desempenho, características de carcaça e composição óssea de suínos alimentados com diferentes níveis de ractopamina e fitase

The experiment was carried out aiming at evaluate the effect of using ractopamine and phytase in diets for swines at the end of the finishing period on performance, carcass characteristics and mineral composition on the third metacarpus bone. It was used 240 barrows with initial weight 100.7 ± 3.9 kg in a random block design, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with two levels of ractopamine (5 ppm and 10 ppm) and three levels of phytase (0, 500, and 750 FTU) totalizing six diets evaluated in five replications of eight animals per experimental unit. The experiment was conducted for three weeks and, at the end, the animals were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. There was no interaction among the levels of ractopamine and phytase for any of the variables. Body weight, ration daily intake, farm to slaughter shrink, percentage of fat-free lean and contents of ash, phosphorus and fluoride in the bone were not influenced by the diets. The level 10 ppm ractopamine promoted the best results of weight gain, feed conversion, hot carcass weight, total fat-free lean, payment index, and content of calcium in the bone. The evaluated levels of phytase did not influence neither the performance nor the characteristics of the carcass, except the yield, which was higher for the animals fed 500 FTU diet than those that did not receive phytase. Diets 10 ppm ractopamine provided better performance and carcass characteristics than 5-ppm diets. Replacement of inorganic source by phytase (500 or 750 FTU) in the diet does not affect performance, characteristics of carcass neither mineral composition in the bone of swines fed diets with ractopamine.