José Geraldo de Vargas Junior

Níveis de Proteína e Energia para Codornas Japonesas em Postura

The experiment was conduced to determine the protein and energy levels, for laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), in four experimental periods of 28 days each. Six hundred females quails with 45 days of aged and average initial weight of 138.0g were used. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in 3x5 factorial scheme, with three levels of energy (2,850, 2,950 and 3,050 kcal of ME/kg) and five protein levels (16, 18, 20, 22 and 24% CP), with four replications of 10 animals each replications. The variables studied were: laying (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g of eggs/quail/day), feed intake (g), feed: gain ratio (g of diet/g of eggs and g of ratio/dozen of eggs, final weight (g), shell egg percentage (%), and uric acid level in the blood serum (mg/dL). The answers of egg production quail performance, respecting the statistical adjustment obtained by means of the quadratic and linear regression models, and the biological interpretation, showed that, to obtain the best productive performance, the quails diets should contain the levels of 2,850 kcal of ME/kg of rations and 22.42% CP, corresponding to 6.02 g of protein intake by bird/day.

Níveis dietéticos de proteína bruta para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 e 22 a 42 dias de idade

Two experiments were carried out to determine the ideal levels of crude protein (CP) for Ross broiler chickens from one to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age, of both sexes. The parameters evaluated were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed:gain ratio (F/G) and carcass evaluation (CV). In the starting phase (1 to 21 days of age), different protein levels (20.00; 20.50; 21.00; 21.50; 22.00 and 22.50%) were used in diets containing 1.27% total lysine. In growing phase (22 to 42 days of age), the dietary protein levels were 17.50; 18.00; 18.50; 19.00 and 19.50% with 1.16% total lysine. In both experiments, were maintained ratio lysine: methionine+cystine, threonine, tryptophan and arginine, considering the ideal protein profile. In both experiments, a completely randomized block experimental design, in a 2x6 and 2x5 (two sexes and six or five dietary lysine levels) factorial arrangement, was used, with six replicates, using a total of 1440 and 1200 birds, respectively. Considering bird performance, the dietary CP requirement estimate from 1 to 21 days, for the males was 22.42% CP, while the females showed linear effect for WG and F/G. In the growing phase (22 to 42 days of age), the protein levels affected linearly males FI, F/G, breast yield and abdominal fat. Females showed quadratic effect for WG and linear effect for F/G and abdominal fat. The requirements of the crude protein estimates for male and female, respectively were: 22.4 and 22.5% CP for starting phase and 19.5 and 18.5% CP growing phase.

Uso de prebióticos à base de mananoligossacarídeo em rações para frangos de corte

O experimento foi realizado com objetivo de estudar o uso de mananoligossacarideos (standard e concentrado) em racoes para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1.080 pintos de corte machos da marca Ross, com peso medio inicial de 42 g, distribuidos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e nove repeticoes de 20 aves por unidade experimental. As aves foram criadas em cama de maravalha reaproveitada, utilizada anteriormente por outro lote. Foram testados os tratamentos: testemunha, antibiotico (avilamicina), mananoligossacarideo alta concentracao (MOS AT), mananoligossacarideo standard (MOS ST), MOS AT + avilamicina e MOS ST + avilamicina para avaliacao do ganho de peso, do consumo de racao, da conversao alimentar, da viabilidade e do rendimento de cortes. No periodo de 1 a 21 dias de idade, nao foram encontradas diferencas significativas entre os tratamentos para as variaveis consumo de racao, conversao alimentar e viabilidade economica. Os resultados de desempenho das aves alimentadas com racao contendo MOS ST ou MOS AT, combinados ou nao com o antibiotico, nao diferiram dos obtidos nos tratamentos com avilamicina e da racao basal. No periodo de 1 a 42 dias de idade, a adicao de MOS ST, combinado ou nao com avilamicina, melhorou o ganho de peso das aves, enquanto o MOS AT afetou de forma negativa o ganho de peso. A conversao alimentar, o consumo de racao e a viabilidade economica nao foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. No entanto, o uso de aditivos em racoes para frango de corte melhorou o rendimento de cortes e reduziu a gordura abdominal.

Methionine + cystine levels for broilers from 1 to 21 and from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was carried out to determine the nutritional requirement of methionine + cystine (sulfur amino acids) for Hubbard and Ross broilers from 1 to 21 and from 22 to 42 days of age, of both sexes. Weight gain, intake, feed:gain and carcass composition were evaluated. Two thousand and four hundred broilers were used in the phase from 1 to 21 of age and 1800 broilers in the phase from 22 a 42 days of age. Basal diets with 21 and 19% of the CP and 3000 and 3100 kcal ME/kg were supplemented with six levels of methionine + cystine in the phases from 1 to 21 and from 22 to 42 of age, respectively. The estimated requirements of methionine + cystine ( 0; .06; .12; .18; .24; and .30) for the phase from 1 to 21 days were. 886% and .896%, .890% and .868% and for the phase from 22 to 42 days, .795%, and .802%, .810% and .792% for Hubbard and Ross male and female, respectively.

Níveis nutricionais de cálcio e de fósforo disponível para aves de reposição leves e semipesadas de 13 a 20 semanas de idade

Four experiments were accomplished using 720 white-egg pullets and 720 brown-egg pullets from 0 to 6 age weeks, were allotted to a completely randomized design with five calcium levels (.70, .80, .90, 1.00, and 1.10%) or five levels of available phosphorus (.30, .35, .40, .45, and .50%), with four replicates and 18 pullets for experimental unit. The experimental diets were formulated with soybean meal and corn to contain 2900 kcal of metabolizable energy/kg of diet, 18% crude protein, .70% calcium for calcium experiments and .30% of available phosphorus for phosphorus experiments. Diets and water were ad libitum fed during the experimental period. The evaluated characteristics were weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain ratio, bone resistance, bone ash and bone calcium (calcium experiments) or bone phosphorus (experiments of available phosphorus). Requirements of .937% and .961% of calcium and .420% and .423% of available phosphorus for white-egg pullets and brown-egg pullets, respectively, were estimated.

Balanço eletrolítico e níveis de proteína bruta sobre o desempenho de pintos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Science of UFV to determine the best electrolyte balance (EB) for broiler chicks performance from one to 21 days of age. One day old chicks, male, Ross were reared in the floor covered with shaving woods and fed two corn-soybean meal based diet with 20 and 23% of crude protein (CP) combined with 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 and 350 mEq/kg of EB. The experiment was analyzed as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of treatments (two CP levels and eight EB) with six replicates of 22 chicks each and 96 experimental units. Weigh gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed efficience (FE) were evaluates at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. The best EB estimate at 21 days for the FI were 185 (20% CP) and 194 (23% CP). However, for the WG, the best EB obtained were 166 (20% CP) and 177 (23% CP). Outside these levels of EB, restriction of FC ocurred and probable increase of water consumption. The FE was not significant. Based on the obtained data, EB should be from 166 to 177 mEq/kg for the best performance of chicks. It was also verified that it is possible to decrease the CP level without affecting the performance of the chicks if the rations were adequately supplemented by essential aminoacids in order to supply the nutritional requirement of the chicks.

Utilização de aditivos em rações formuladas com milho normal e de baixa qualidade para frangos de corte

Foi conduzido um experimento com 2.112 pintos de corte, machos da linhagem Ross, para avaliar a influencia da utilizacao de aditivos nao-nutrientes (antibiotico, prebiotico e simbiotico) sobre o desempenho e as caracteristicas de carcaca de frangos de corte. As aves foram distribuidas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 6 (milho × aditivo), totalizando 12 tratamentos, com oito repeticoes e 22 aves por unidade experimental. As racoes foram formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja, utilizando-se, na metade dos tratamentos, milho de qualidade normal (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6) e na outra metade, milho de baixa qualidade (T7, T8, T9, T10, T11 e T12). Os tratamentos foram: T1 e T7 = racao basal (RB); T2 e T8 = RB + antibiotico; T3 e T9 = RB + simbiotico; T4 e T10 = RB + prebiotico 1 (0,5kg/t); T5 e T11 = RB + prebiotico 1 (1,0 kg/t); e T6 e T12 = RB + prebiotico 2 (1,0 kg/t). Para aumentar o desafio sanitario, alem da cama reutilizada, os bebedouros nao foram lavados periodicamente, com o objetivo de piorar a qualidade da agua de bebida. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade, foram avaliados ganho de peso, consumo de racao e conversao alimentar. Aos 23 dias de idade, foram avaliadas as caracteristicas fisicas do figado e a presenca de petequias no peito e na coxa e aos 42 dias, as caracteristicas de carcaca e o peso relativo do figado. Verificou-se efeito do aditivo somente para ganho de peso aos 21 dias e para ganho de peso e consumo de racao aos 42 dias. Nao foi observado efeito dos aditivos sobre as demais caracteristicas avaliadas. Os prebioticos a base de mananoligossacarideos e o simbiotico podem substituir o antibiotico avilamicina nas racoes para aves, pois nao promoveram perdas no desempenho das aves. O uso de milho de baixa qualidade piorou o desempenho, provocando perdas no rendimento e na qualidade de carcaca de frangos de corte.

Balanço eletrolítico e níveis de proteína bruta sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e a umidade da cama de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade

An trial was conducted to determine the best electrolyte balance (EB) for broilers from 1 to 42 days old. In the first phase of the experiment 2,112 Ross chicks male were reared in the floor covered with shaving woods and fed two corn-soybean meal based diet: one with 20 and one with 23% of crude protein (CP) combined with 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 and 350 mEq/kg of EB. In the growing phase, 1,728 broilers of the total, remained in the experimental units and were fed only a basal diet. The experiment was analyzed as a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments (two protein sequences and eight EB levels) and six replicates of 18 broilers each one. The following parameters were evaluated: weigh gain (WG), feed consumption (FC), feed efficiency (FE), carcass yield, noble cuts and the dry matter of broiler litter at 42 days of age. The best EB estimated at 42 days were 179 (20-20% CP) and 185 (23-20% CP) mEq/kg for the WG and similar values were found for the highest FC, 193 (20-20% CP) and 192 (23-20% CP) mEq/kg. The FE (23-20% CP) had the best value estimated 159 mEq/kg, lower than the values found for WG and FC. For carcass yield and noble cuts the best values obtained were similar to the performance values. The values obtained for the highest level of dry matter in the broiler litter were 138 (20-20% CP) and 148 (23-20% CP) mEq/kg. Based on the obtained data, EB should be from 160 to 190 mEq/kg for the best performance of broilers from 1 to 42 days old.

Composição química e energética de amostras de milho submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de secagem e períodos de armazenamento

O objetivo do experimento foi determinar a composicao quimica, energia bruta, energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida (EMAn) de amostras de milho submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de secagem (temperatura ambiente e secagem artificial com temperaturas de 80, 100 e 120oC) e a diferentes periodos de armazenamento (0, 60, 120 e 180 dias). Para determinar os valores de EMA e de EMAn, foi utilizado o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas com pintos machos, Avian Farm, de 21 a 30 dias de idade. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (quatro temperaturas de secagem e quatro periodos de armazenamento), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete repeticoes por tratamento e sete aves por unidade experimental. Cada amostra de milho substituiu em 40% da materia natural, uma racao-referencia. Foram realizadas analises de composicao quimica e energia bruta de cada amostra de milho. Foi determinada tambem a energia bruta das excretas. A composicao quimica e os valores de energia bruta (kcal/kg) das amostras de milho nao foram significativamente influenciados pela temperatura de secagem e pelo tempo de armazenamento. Entretanto, os valores de EMA e de EMAn foram influenciados pela temperatura de secagem e pelo tempo de armazenamento, isoladamente. Foi observado efeito quadratico para temperatura de secagem, com maiores valores de EMA e EMAn do milho nas temperaturas de 49 e 50oC, respectivamente, obtidos por equacao de regressao. Para o tempo de armazenamento, observou-se efeito linear decrescente para os valores de EMA e de EMAn. Observou-se que a temperatura de secagem e o tempo de armazenamento dos graos de milho reduziram os valores de EMA e de EMAn.

Digestible lysine levels in diets for laying Japanese quails

The objective of this study was to estimate the digestible lysine requirement of Japanese quails in the egg-laying phase. A total of 336 female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of average initial age of 207 days were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, composed of 6 treatments (lysine levels) with 7 replicates and 8 birds per experimental unit, with duration of 84 days. Experimental diets were formulated from a basal diet, with corn and soybean meal, with 2.800 kcal ME/kg and 203.70 g/kg crude protein, showing levels of 9.50; 10.00; 10.50; 11.00; 11.50; and 12.00 g/kg digestible lysine; diets remained isoprotein and isocaloric. The following variables were studied: feed intake (FI); lysine intake (LI); egg production per bird per day (EPBD); egg production per bird housed (EPBH); production of marketable eggs (PME); egg weight (EW); egg mass (EM); utilization efficiency of lysine for egg mass production (UELEM); feed conversion per mass (FCEM); feed conversion per dozen eggs (FCDZ); bird availability (BA); percentages of yolk (Y), albumen (A) and shell (S); specific egg weight (SW); nitrogen ingested (NI); nitrogen excreted (NE); and nitrogen balance (NB). Significant effect was only observed for LI, EW, EM, UELEM, FCEM, Y, A and SW. The digestible lysine level estimated in diets for laying Japanese quails is 11.20 g digestible lysine/kg diet, corresponding to an average daily intake of 272.23 mg lysine.