Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa

Exigências nutricionais de codornas

The nutritional requirements differ between quail chickens and laying hens and between Japanese quail and European quails. Quail require more protein (amino acids), less calcium and digest better amino acids of food in comparison with chickens, however, quails digest better energy of food fibrous, but in the same proportion as the chickens from corn and soybean meal. Likewise the chickens, the quail require more energy when on the floor and less when subjected to high ambient temperatures. It is concluded that diets for broiler chickens and should not be used as feed for European quails and Japanese.

Valores energéticos de subprodutos de origem animal para aves

Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizavel aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizavel aparente corrigida pelo balanco de nitrogenio (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente (CMA) e aparente corrigida pelo balanco de nitrogenio (CMAn) de cinco alimentos. Cento e vinte pintos de corte com 21 dias de idade foram distribuidos aleatoriamente em seis tratamentos (uma racao-referencia e cinco racoes-teste) e quatro repeticoes de cinco aves. Os alimentos avaliados foram: residuo de incubatorio (RI), farinha de penas (FP), farinha de visceras de aves (FVA) e duas farinhas de carne e ossos (FCO 1 e FCO 2). Os alimentos substituiram em 20% a racao-referencia. Para determinacao dos valores de EMA e EMAn, foi utilizado o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas. Os valores de EMA, expressos em kcal/kg de materia natural (MN), para os alimentos RI, FP, FVA, FCO 1 e FCO 2, foram de 1.495, 2.774, 2.676, 2.537 e 1.652 e os de EMAn, de 1.301, 2.758, 2.384, 2.307 e 1.488, respectivamente. De acordo com os valores de EMA, EMAn e energia bruta (EB), foram calculados os CMA e o CMAn para os alimentos RI, FP, FVA, FCO 1 e FCO 2, que foram, respectivamente, de 60,09; 55,49; 69,31; 67,71 e 51,14, para o CMA, e de 52,26; 55,18; 61,75; 60,85 e 46,07, para o CMAn.

Níveis dietéticos de proteína bruta para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 e 22 a 42 dias de idade

Two experiments were carried out to determine the ideal levels of crude protein (CP) for Ross broiler chickens from one to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age, of both sexes. The parameters evaluated were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed:gain ratio (F/G) and carcass evaluation (CV). In the starting phase (1 to 21 days of age), different protein levels (20.00; 20.50; 21.00; 21.50; 22.00 and 22.50%) were used in diets containing 1.27% total lysine. In growing phase (22 to 42 days of age), the dietary protein levels were 17.50; 18.00; 18.50; 19.00 and 19.50% with 1.16% total lysine. In both experiments, were maintained ratio lysine: methionine+cystine, threonine, tryptophan and arginine, considering the ideal protein profile. In both experiments, a completely randomized block experimental design, in a 2x6 and 2x5 (two sexes and six or five dietary lysine levels) factorial arrangement, was used, with six replicates, using a total of 1440 and 1200 birds, respectively. Considering bird performance, the dietary CP requirement estimate from 1 to 21 days, for the males was 22.42% CP, while the females showed linear effect for WG and F/G. In the growing phase (22 to 42 days of age), the protein levels affected linearly males FI, F/G, breast yield and abdominal fat. Females showed quadratic effect for WG and linear effect for F/G and abdominal fat. The requirements of the crude protein estimates for male and female, respectively were: 22.4 and 22.5% CP for starting phase and 19.5 and 18.5% CP growing phase.

Níveis dietéticos de lisina para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 e 22 a 40 dias de idade

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional requirement of total lysine for Ross broiler chickens from one to 21 and 22 to 40 days of age, of both sexes. The parameters evaluated were weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and carcass evaluation. In each experiment, a completely randomized experimental design, in a 2 x 6 (two sexes and six dietary lysine levels) factorial arrangement with six replicates, using a total of 1440 birds, was used. The basal diets with 1.03% total lysine, 22.0% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg in the first experiment and 0.92% total lysine, 20.0% CP and 3150 kcal ME/kg in the second experiment, suplemented with six levels pure lysine (0.0; 0.06; 0.12; 0.18; 0.24 and 0.30%), were used. Considering weigth gain and feed conversion, the dietary requirement estimates for the experiment from 1 to 21 days were 1.303 and 1.249% total lysine and 1.183 and 1.129% digestible lysine for males and females, respectively. For the experiment from 22 to 40 days, the performance and evaluation carcass values were 1.164 and 1.143% total lysine and 1.044 and 1.023% digestible lysine for males and females, respectively.

Exigências Nutricionais de Lisina para Codornas durante a Fase de Postura, em Função do Nível de Proteína da Ração 1

This experiment was carried out to estimate the requirements of total lysine and lysine: crude protein (CP) ratio to laying quails. It was used three hundred and twenty birds offspring from crossing breeding of Japanese and European quails from 60 to 144 days of age, live weight of 178+12 g, fed diet with 20 and 23% of CP, and five rates of lysine (0.80, 0.95, 1.10, 1.25 and 1.40%). A completely randomized experimental design in a factorial scheme 2x5 (two CP levels X five rates of lysine) was used, resulting in ten treatments, each one with four replications of eight layers quail submitted to a light schedules of 17 hours daily and ad libitum fed. The studied variables were obtained in four periods of 21 days. There was effect of lysine rates within CP levels on egg production, with requirements of 1.07% lysine with 20% CP and 1.15% with 23% CP. The 23% CP level increased feed intake, egg production, egg weight and egg mass, and also improved feed to egg mass ratio and feed to egg dozen ratio. The lysine: CP ratio did not was affect (5.3 versus 5.0%) when crude protein diets increase 20 to 23%. Results in the present study suggest increase of quantitatively requirement of lysine of quail layer, but not lysine: CP ratio, when increase CP concentration on diet.

Energia metabolizável de ingredientes determinada com codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The experiment one was carried out to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected ME (AMEn) of nine feedstuffs in Japanese quails. The objective of the experiment two was to compare diets formulated with AMEn of corn and soybean meal, usually fed to broilers and laying hens, with diets formulated with AMEn determined in growing (22 days of age) and adult quails (65 days of age). In the experiment one, 400 growing quails were fed a basal diet (BD) and nine test diets (70% BD + 30% feedstuffs test), with a total of ten diets with four replicates of ten birds each. In the experiment two, 160 European quails were randomized allotted to three treatments, with twelve replicates of five birds, and fed during three periods of fifteen days. The AME and AMEn values (kcal/kg) for vegetal feedstuffs were: 3,340 and 3,354 for corn, 2,718 and 2,456 for soybean meal, 3,453 and 3,084 for integral soybean extruded, 1,624 and 1,593 for wheat bran, 4,558 and 3,992 for corn gluten meal, 3,329 and 3,378 for cassava flour and 1,238 and 1,223 to integral mesquite pods meal. The animal feedstuffs had 2,874 and 2,453 for fish meal and 3,090 and 2,791 for poultry meal. The AMEn of corn and soybean meal estimated for quail did not improve feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed egg mass ratio, supporting the validity of use of energy those ingredients obtained with broiler and laying hens for formulated quail diets.

Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de acondicionamento ambiente sobre o desempenho produtivo de frangos de corte

The principal objective of this work was to evaluate the environmental influence on the thermal comfort and productive indices, in poultry farm installations, covered with cement asbestos tiles using three diferent thermal air conditioning systems: artificial ventilation and water sprinkling over the roof, artificial ventilation and artificial ventilation and humidification. The poultry farm is located in the district of Sao Jose da Mata, in the municipality of Campina Grande, Paraiba state, Brazil. The environmental evaluation was based on the relative humidity of the air, black globe temperature and humidity index, thermal radiation load, and humidity of the bed. The production indices were evaluated through the final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion and mortality rate. In all systems the comfort indices varied during the day. Black globe temperature and humidity index presented above ideal values. Relative humidity and thermal radiation load indices were within the recommended thermal comfort zone. Artificial ventilation and humidification systems increased the humidity of the bed when compared to the other systems. The values of the poultry performance indices were within the ideal range considered for the broiler industry in the Northeast of Brazil.

Efeito da Relação Arginina: Lisina sobre o Desempenho e Qualidade de Carcaça de Frangos de Corte de 3 a 6 Semanas de Idade, em Condições de Alta Temperatura

An experiment was run using 720 male Ross chicks, grown from 22 to 42 days of age under high environmental temperature condition (26.2 to 30.5oC), to evaluate the effect of the digestible arginine:lysine (Arg:Lys) ratio on performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. A complete randomized design with six treatments (95.0, 102.5, 110.0, 117.5, 125.0 and 132.5% Arg:Lys ratio), six replicates and 20 birds per experimental unit was used. There was no significant effect on broiler performance, however Arg:Lys ratio linearly improved leg quarter yield and linearly decreased abdominal fat.

Redução dos níveis de proteína e suplementação aminoacídica em rações para codornas européias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix)

The effects of feeding nine nutrition plans (NP) on the performance of 576 quails, allotted to a completely randomized design with nine treatments of four replicates of 16 birds, were evaluated in this trial. The following NP were analyzed from 1 to 21 days of age: NP1 = 28% of crude protein (CP), 1.5% lysine (L) and 1.1% methionine + cystine (MC) from 1 to 21 days and 24%CP, 1.3%L and 0.9% MC from 22 to 42 days (control); NP2 = 25.2% CP, 1.23% L and 0.83% MC from 1 to 21 days and of 21.6% CP, 1.0% L and 0.74% MC from 22 to 42 days; NP3 = 22.4% CP, 0.71% MC from 1 to 21 days and 1.2% L and 19.2% CP, 0.64% MC and 0.95% L from 22 to 42 days; NP4 = NP2+L; NP5 = NP3+L; NP6 = NP2+MC; NP7 = NP3+MC; NP8 = NP2+L+MC; and NP9 = NP3+L+MC. The diet supplementation from NP4 to NP9 with L, MC or L+MC aimed to provide values of L and MC similar to NP1. Diets (2,900 kcal ME/kg ) and water were fed ad libitum in both phases. From 1 to 21 days, decreasing dietary crude protein levels from 28 to 22.4% also reduced intake, body weight, weight gain, but did not affect feed conversion. The dietary supplementation with MC increased bird performance. The recommended level of L (1.5%) in a deficient diet in CP (19.2%) and MC (0.71%) decreased quail growth from 1 to 21 days of age. However, meeting the MC requirements decreased dietary CP levels from 28 to 22.4% and from 24 to 19.2%, respectively, for quails from 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age, independent of the lysine supplementation.

Efeito da enzima fitase nas rações de frangos de corte, durante as fases pré-inicial e inicial

Foram criados 1.080 pintos de corte machos, no periodo de 1 a 7 e 8 a 21 dias de idade, para estudar os efeitos da fitase nas racoes sobre o desempenho. Utilizaram-se duas racoes experimentais para cada fase, sendo a primeira formulada por uma empresa integradora de frangos de corte (E-1) e a segunda sugerida pela empresa fornecedora da enzima (E-2). Os tratamentos foram: T1 e T4 - racao sem adicao da enzima e T2 e T3 - racao com fitase. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, num arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (duas racoes e dois niveis de enzima), com nove repeticoes e trinta aves por parcela. A enzima foi adicionada na quantidade de 100 g/t de racao. Houve diferenca significativa (P<0,01) entre tratamentos para ganho de peso e conversao alimentar para as fases pre-inicial e inicial, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com a E-1 com adicao de enzima, mostrando a importância da fitase em racoes com frangos de corte quanto ao desempenho dos animais.