José Marcos Pinto da Cunha

Migração e urbanização no Brasil: alguns desafios metodológicos para análise

Abstract: Based on a demographic perspective, this article presents a discussion on important issues foranalyses of migration and urbanization, considering the existent advances and gaps and, especially, theanalytic possibilities propitiated by creative use of the most recent Brazilian Demographic Censuses.The article is intended as a contribution not only to a broadening of the agenda for research, but also totheoretical and methodological discussions on the phenomena in question. Key words: Urbanization. Internal migration. Demographic census. J OSE M ARCOS P INTO DA C UNHA MIGRACAO E URBANIZACAO NO BRASILalguns desafios metodologicos para analise as ultimas decadas, a questao migratoria no Bra-sil deixou de concentrar-se apenas no classicomovimento rural-urbano que, nos anos 50 e 60,preocupou e mobilizou a maior parte dos estudos. As mi-gracoes inter-regional, intra-regional, internacional e a mo-bilidade pendular ( commuting ) e a sazonal sao cada vezmais reconhecidas como faces distintas desse fenomenodemografico que aflora e ganha importância qualitativa equantitativa em funcao das modificacoes ocorridas nasdimensoes economica, social e politica em nivel nacional einternacional.Da mesma forma, a questao da urbanizacao – que vinhasendo concebida como algo irreversivel e inexoravel, de-vido a evolucao dos indicadores ate entao moldados paraeste fim – tambem passa a ser, se nao contestada, ao me-nos questionada quanto ao seu real significado, uma vezque novas formas de assentamentos humanos passam asurgir, como fruto de mudancas nas relacoes economicase sociais entre o campo e a cidade. O mais interessante anotar e que tais preocupacoes, que surgem no Brasil emalguns estudos, tambem encontram seus correspondentesno plano internacional ( CHAMPION, 2003).E inegavel que o conhecimento adequado dos tipos eetapas da migracao, suas caracteristicas, significados econdicionantes sao requisitos fundamentais para entendernao apenas a dinâmica demografica atual, mas tambem paraprever suas tendencias futuras. Ha, no entanto, quemquestione se a rede urbana brasileira e suas areas ruraisrealmente estariam passando por uma percepcao maisadequada do que seriam suas verdadeiras caracteristicas,definindo as necessidades e vocacoes do urbano e,sobretudo, do rural brasileiro – e, como consequencia, suas

Redistribuição espacial da população: tendências e trajetória

An analysis of the transformation that occurred beginning in the 1980s and that had important consequences for the process of urbanization, in the urban systems and patterns of human settlement in Brazil, with special emphasis on the role played by the State and the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo in this process. Data from the Demographic Censuses of 1980 and 2000 were used for this purpose.

Segregação socioespacial e inserção no mercado de trabalho na Região Metropolitana de Campinas

Based on the premise that “space matters,” the present study is intended as a contribution to the analytic efforts focused on investigating the impact of segregation, understood here as how the concentration in space of similar socioeconomic strata affects the ability of individuals and families to respond to the numerous problems and risks involved in large urban areas. More specifically, the article consists of an investigation into whether, for the case of an emerging metropolitan region in Brazil (Campinas, in the State of Sao Paulo), there are indications of the effect of segregation on the various characteristics of the inclusion of individuals in the labor market. Data from the Federal Demographic Census of 2000 show how unemployment, formality of labor, and the social protection of the economically active population are influenced both by the sociodemographic characteristics, including migratory status and condition of intraurban mobility (pendularity), and by the population’s physical location in the region. As a spatial variable related to segregation, a measure is proposed on Moran’s Local rate, which seeks to identify homogeneous areas in terms of the socioeconomic composition of their inhabitants. Although the results obtained are not conclusive, they do suggest the importance of location on way individuals are absorbed by the labor market. This finding corroborates several of the theoretical propositions taken into account in this study

A mobilidade pendular na Macrometrópole Paulista: diferenciação e complementaridade socioespacial

The main objective of this article is to make a diagnosis of the trends and characteristics of commuting in the so-called Macrometropole Paulista (Macrometropolis of Sao Paulo), using the information available in the 2000 and 2010 Censuses. The knowledge of the current situation and of the evolution of this phenomenon may greatly contribute to the evaluation of the process of socio-spatial interaction and complementariness that develops among urban centers, where the new forms of location both of economic activity and of the population in general are already clear. The study of this phenomenon, therefore, contributes to diagnose the process of structuring of these spaces and, above all, to mitigate deficiencies in housing, transport, health and education policies, among others.

Urbanismo, demografia e as formas de morar na metrópole: um estudo de caso da Região Metropolitana de Campinas

Developed within the research line called “heterogeneity of urban poverty”, this study aims to investigate a central aspect of this heterogeneity that concerns different ways of living in a metropolis. Based on the perspective of demographic studies, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of this reality. We start from the assumption that the composition and production of urban space and all its heterogeneity - and inequality -, particularly the popular settlements, are also partly a reflection of socio-demographic characteristics that are specific to the resident population. The research aims to analyze the relationship of the different stages of the family life cycle (or course of individual life) and immigration status with housing alternatives that are developed so that people have a place to

Internal Migration in Brazil over the Past 50 Years: (Dis)Continuities and Ruptures

Migration is among Brazil’s most persistent phenomena that has had tremendous influence on the social dynamics of the country. Even more important is the fact that migration greatly expresses existing regional inequalities. Based on five demographic censuses (1970 to 2010), this chapter shows that this persistent divide impacts migration flows, especially those of longer distances. Such territorial inequalities were somehow attenuated in the 2000s, as a result not only of the recovery of the purchasing power of wages but also of advances in social policies. As a result, we witnessed the intensification of return migration, especially toward the poorer Brazilian Northeast. On the other hand, the economic crisis of the 1990s also affected the national migration dynamics. Hence, longer distance movements (interstate) are influenced by regional differences, which are still far from being eradicated. This chapter attempts to show that a broader temporal view of the national migration process leads us to reflect on the nature of the actual ruptures and continuities of Brazilian social context, particularly the transition to an urban society. Describing and discussing these trends becomes an even more provocative experience when we are able to rely on several comparable demographic censuses, which allow us to examine the migratory phenomenon over the course of five decades.

The Influence of Migration on the Socio-Spatial Restructuring of the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza

In this research it is presented a demographic analysis, it was investigated the function of the migration in the formation process and urban expantion of the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza (MRF) and its social-spatial segregation process between the decades of 1990, 2000 and 2010. Thus, this work checks the function of migration in the configuration of the center and the periphery into the MRF, analysing which are the causes and the consequences for the urban processes and already pointing for the social-spatial segregation of the population. Involving the following objectives: analyse and discuss the relation center-periphery into the MRF, as well as the validity nowadays of this pattern in the region; understand the aspects of social-spatial segregation, especially in its demographic dimension; analyse if the function of the migration has changed over time, furthermore, between the decades of 1990 and 2000; and, reflect on the lack of public policies for the people of lower classes in this region.

Retratos da mobilidade espacial no Brasil: os censos demográficos como fonte de dados

Brazilian Censuses present a great wealth of information, being, in general, comparable over time. In this sense, they represent a great opportunity for people to learn different aspects of Brazilian population dynamics. Given the importance of migration in national demographic history, this article intends to rescue some theoretical and methodological features for the use of census data, in order to guide people who are interested in deepening their knowledge on the phenomenon.

Segregación socioespacial e inserción en el mercado de trabajo en la Región Metropolitana de Campinas

Based on the premise that “space matters,” the present study is intended as a contribution to the analytic efforts focused on investigating the impact of segregation, understood here as how the concentration in space of similar socioeconomic strata affects the ability of individuals and families to respond to the numerous problems and risks involved in large urban areas. More specifically, the article consists of an investigation into whether, for the case of an emerging metropolitan region in Brazil (Campinas, in the State of Sao Paulo), there are indications of the effect of segregation on the various characteristics of the inclusion of individuals in the labor market. Data from the Federal Demographic Census of 2000 show how unemployment, formality of labor, and the social protection of the economically active population are influenced both by the sociodemographic characteristics, including migratory status and condition of intraurban mobility (pendularity), and by the population’s physical location in the region. As a spatial variable related to segregation, a measure is proposed on Moran’s Local rate, which seeks to identify homogeneous areas in terms of the socioeconomic composition of their inhabitants. Although the results obtained are not conclusive, they do suggest the importance of location on way individuals are absorbed by the labor market. This finding corroborates several of the theoretical propositions taken into account in this study

Socio-spatial segregation and insertion in the labor market in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, Brazil

Based on the premise that “space matters,” the present study is intended as a contribution to the analytic efforts focused on investigating the impact of segregation, understood here as how the concentration in space of similar socioeconomic strata affects the ability of individuals and families to respond to the numerous problems and risks involved in large urban areas. More specifically, the article consists of an investigation into whether, for the case of an emerging metropolitan region in Brazil (Campinas, in the State of Sao Paulo), there are indications of the effect of segregation on the various characteristics of the inclusion of individuals in the labor market. Data from the Federal Demographic Census of 2000 show how unemployment, formality of labor, and the social protection of the economically active population are influenced both by the sociodemographic characteristics, including migratory status and condition of intraurban mobility (pendularity), and by the population’s physical location in the region. As a spatial variable related to segregation, a measure is proposed on Moran’s Local rate, which seeks to identify homogeneous areas in terms of the socioeconomic composition of their inhabitants. Although the results obtained are not conclusive, they do suggest the importance of location on way individuals are absorbed by the labor market. This finding corroborates several of the theoretical propositions taken into account in this study