José Monteiro da Silva Filho

First evidence of autochthonous cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in horse (Equus caballus) in the Americas and mixed infection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.

This study reports the first evidence of infection by Leishmania infantum in Equus caballus in Americas and the first mixed infection of L. infantum/Leishmania braziliensis on this mammalian species in the world. The diagnoses was based on presence of parasites in lesions and bone marrow aspirates, their identification by using specific primers for L. infantum and L. braziliensis complexes and also serological methods IFAT and ELISA. The analysis of the PCR products suggested mixed infection in three animals. Further studies involving equine leishmaniasis are carrying out in order to clarify the dynamic of Leishmania sp. in this mammalian specie and their role in the transmission of those parasites in urban endemic area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Viability and fertility of cooled equine semen diluted with skimmed milk or glycine egg yolk-based extenders

Two semen extenders were compared for their ability to maintain viability of horse semen during 24 hours of cold preservation, and for the pregnancy rate after artificial insemination. In the experiment 1, five ejaculates from three stallions were split-diluted in either a skimmed milk-based extender (Kenney extender) or a glycine egg yolk-based extender (Foote extender) and cooled at 6-8 oC for 24 hours. Semen samples stored in Kenney extender for 24 hours had higher motility and spermatic vigor compared with those stored in Foote extender. However, samples stored in Foote extender had higher number of reactive sperm by hypoosmotic test and greater viability by epifluorescence test compared with those in Kenney extender. In the experiment 2, 17 and 23 ejaculates from two stallions were split-diluted with Kenney extender and Foote extender. The sperm concentration in each extender was adjusted to 500 million viable sperms per insemination dose. Semen was cooled to 6-8 oC and stored for 24 hours. Seventy-four cycles of crossbred mares were inseminated with either semen diluted in Kenney extender or semen diluted in Foote extender. The pregnancy rate was higher from semen diluted in Kenney extender than that from semen in Foote extender (0.553 vs. 0.306). The Kenney extender is effective in preserving the motility, vigor and fertility of stallion semen after 24 hours of cold storage, whereas the Foote extender is not acceptable.

Influência da freqüência de ordenhas diárias sobre a eficiência produtiva de vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu e o desempenho dos seus bezerros

This trial was conducted to study the effects of daily milking frequency on milk yield, duration of lactation, incidence of mastitis, and calves body weight gain. Sixty-three crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows were equally and randomly assigned to three experimental groups according to the frequency of daily milkings as follows: once a day milking, twice a day milking, or alternating once or twice a day milking every 14 days. The duration of lactation, mammary gland health, and calf production did not differ among treatments in this study. However, cows milked twice a day yielded 24.54% more milk per lactation (699.9 kg) compared to the other milking regimes.

Efeitos do local de deposição do sêmen e do intervalo inseminação/ ovulação sobre a fertilidade de éguas inseminadas com sêmen fresco diluído

The effect of the interval from artificial insemination to ovulation on mare fertility rates was studied, taking account the semen deposition site. The intervals were 48 hours and 24 hours prior to ovulation, 48 hours and 72 hours between the two last inseminations. The inseminations in the tip of the uterine horn (GII) were carried out by the deep intravaginal technique using 1/5 of the inseminating dose used in the uterine body (15mL-GI). The mares were teased daily and inseminated on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, starting with a follicle from 3.0 to 3.5 cm of diameter, using fresh semen diluted in skim milk glucose extender. Only one stallion of 20 year-old and well-known fertility was utilized. There was no difference in the conception rates/cycles between the inseminations carried out in the uterine body (42.86%) and in the tip of the uterine horn (45.95%) utilizing average concentrations of 489 and 102 million mobile spermatozoa, respectively. No differences were observed between experimental groups for the same artificial/ovulation interval, but when the conception rates were between intervals in the same semen deposition place, lower conception rates were associated to inseminations carried out before ovulation. However, artificial insemination carried out before and after ovulation, regardless of the artificial insemination/ovulation intervals, resulted in better conception rates. The spermatic concentrations/inseminating dose can be significantly reduced, without damaging fertility, when the semen is placed close to the tubaric papille. However, inseminations are needed before and after ovulation to obtain better fertility rates when using low viability semen in the mare genital tract, in order to establish an adequate sperm reservoir at the time of ovulation.

Efeito do intervalo das duas últimas inseminações sobre a fertilidade de éguas inseminadas com sêmen fresco diluído

Sixty two mares were randomly assigned to two experimental group, according to two intervals between the penultimate and the ultimate artificial insemination (48 or 72h). The mares were teased and inseminated on monday, wednesday and friday, when a follicle size was equal or greater than 3.0 cm in diameter, with semen from a stallion of proven fertility diluted with minimum contamination extender. The conception rates for the first cycle for the 48h and 72h intervals were 66.67% (24/36) and 65.22% (15/23) respectively, and the conception/cicle were 53.45% (31/58) and 56.76% (21/37), in the same order. Based on these results, one should consider recommending inseminations on monday, wednesday and friday, without fertility loss.

Sex ratio of equine offspring is affected by the ages of the mare and stallion.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of parental age on the sex ratio of offspring in horses. Two trials were performed. In the first trial, the data from a randomly obtained population with a 1:1 sex ratio of 59,950 Mangalarga Marchador horses born in Brazil from 1990 to 2011 were analyzed. The sex ratios of the offspring were compared among groups according to the mare and the stallion ages (from 3 to 25 years). In the first step of the analysis, the mares and stallions were grouped according to age in 5-year intervals. In the second step, the groups were based on the parental age gap at conception. In the third step, the group of the mares and stallions with similar ages from the second step was subdivided, and the different parental age subgroups that were divided into 5-year intervals were compared. In the fourth step, the sex ratio of the offspring was determined according to the ages of the mares and the stallions at conception. The second trial was based on the data from 253 horses of several breeds that were born after natural gestation into a herd from 1989 to 2010, and the offspring of groups that were younger or older than 15 years were compared. The data from both trials were analyzed using a chi-square test (P ≤ 0.01 for the first trial; and P ≤ 0.05 for the second trial) for the comparisons of the sex ratios. In the first trial, the Spearman test (P ≤ 0.01) was used to verify the correlations between the parental age and the offspring sex ratio. In the first trial, the offspring sex ratio decreased as the mare or stallion age increased, and the decrease was more marked for the mares than for the stallions. In the second trial, the mares older than 15 years had more fillies than the younger mares, but the stallion age had no effect on the sex of the offspring. The first trial, with a large number of horses, revealed the pattern of the distribution of the sex ratios of offspring according to the parental age in horses, whereas the second trial, with a more restricted number of horses, confirmed the influence of the age of the mare on the offspring sex ratio. We concluded that the parental age affected the offspring sex ratio in horses and that this effect was stronger for the mares than for the stallions.

Estrus behavior in Guzera (Bos taurus indicus) breed cows

A manifestacao do comportamento estral foi avaliada durante um estro induzido e o estro subsequente, em 12 vacas da raca Guzera, no inverno e no verao em dois anos consecutivos. A proporcao de vacas que respondeu a sincronizacao de estros foi de 84,8%. Observou-se efeito de interacao entre estacao e ano sobre a duracao do ciclo estral. O proestro foi maior no verao (57,69±4,72h) e no estro natural (74,23±4,41h), que no inverno (38,95±4,02h) e no estro induzido (22,40±4,36h). A duracao do estro foi similar no inverno (11,48±0,70h) e no verao (13,40±0,82h), assim como entre as vacas com estro induzido (12,47±0,75h) e natural (12,41±0,76h). O numero de montas recebidas durante o estro e o numero de montas recebidas/hora em estro foram similares no inverno (29,17±2,86 e 2,59±0,22, respectivamente) e no verao (31,45±3,36 e 2,42±0,26, respectivamente), assim como entre o estro induzido (30,23±3,10 e 2,54±0,24, respectivamente) e o natural (30,40±3,14 e 2,47±0,24, respectivamente). A duracao e a intensidade do estro nao foram influenciadas pela sincronizacao ou pela estacao do ano. O maior periodo de proestro no verao pode favorecer a identificacao dos animais sexualmente ativos.

Efeito do número de inseminações artificiais por ciclo sobre a fertilidade de éguas inseminadas com sêmen eqüino diluído, resfriado a 20ºC e transportado

One hundred and twenty estrus cycles of 105 Mangalarga Marchador breed mares were analyzed to study the effect of number of inseminations per cycle on the fertility of mares inseminated with cooled semen. The mares were randomly allocated in the following group: T1 - one AI/cycle; T2 - two AI/cycle; T3 - tree or more AI/cycle. The cycles were controlled by rectal palpation and teasing. The insemination were made at each 48 hours, from a 30-35 mm follicle diameter until ovulation, with diluted, cooled (20oC) and transported equine semen. The conception rates in the first cycle were, respectively, to T1, T2 and T3, 47.83% (11/23), 70.00% (21/30), and 45.16% (14/31) (P>0,05), and after five cycles were 51.43% (18/35), 48.89% (22/45) and 47.50% (19/40) (P>0,05). The number of AI/cycle had no effect fertility in mares.

Desempenho de novilhas Holandês na produção de embriões F1 Holandês-Zebu, em condições tropicais

In vivo embryo production (embryo transfer) is an alternative for F1 dairy herds formation and maintenance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of utilization of grazing and supplemented Holstein heifers as embryo donors in summer or winter. Superovulation was performed in seven heifers on each season. Climatic parameters, as well as rectal temperature and respiratory rate of donors were measured. Temperature and humidity index (THI) was higher (p 0.05). Holstein heifers can be used as embryo donors in both summer and winter, under the given conditions.