José Moral de la Rubia

Factor structure of the STAXI-2-AX and its relationship to burnout in housewives.

This study was conducted in order to determine factor structure and reliability of STAXI-2-AX/EX (Spielberger, 1999) and to calculate the correlation between STAXI-2-AX/EX and the Housewives Burnout Questionnaire (CUBAC). The study sample included 226 housewives. Dimensional structure was estimated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Factor analysis results of STAXI-2-AX/EX showed that a four related factors model had an adequate goodness of fit, eliminating three items. Regarding the CUBAC, a two related factors structure presented the best goodness of fit, which improve if five items were eliminated. Finally, as we expected, the correlation between the two scales was positive (r = .38). We suggest that this study should be replicated in other countries.

Dimensionalidad, consistencia interna y distribución de la escala homonegatividad internalizada en estudiantes mexicanos de ciencias de la salud

The aims of this article were to study the internal consistency, factor structure, distribution and sex differences in averages of the Internalized Homonegativity scale (IHN; Currie, Cunningham, & Findlay, 2004) extended to a total of 17 items (IHN-17). The IHN-17 scale was applied to a non-probability sample of 231 health sciences college students from northeastern Mexico (121 women and 103 men). An item was removed due to problems of internal consistency and low factor loading. The internal consistency was high with the remaining 16 items (α = .88). A model of three low-order factors (public display of homosexuality, α = .81; internal acceptance of homosexual desire, α = .81, and promiscuity, α = .69) nested in a general factor had a fit to the data from good to adequate by generalized least squares, and was invariant between both sexes. The IHN-16 total score followed a normal distribution, and men averaged higher than women, although the difference was statically significant only in the factor of public display. It is concluded that IHN16 scale with its hierarchical model has higher consistency and more content validity than the original one. Its use and study are suggested in Mexico.

Contraste empírico del modelo de cinco fases de duelo de Kübler-Ross en mujeres con cáncer

Objective . (a) To define five one-factor scales for assessing the five stages of the Kubler-Ross grief model, and (b) to contrast the sequential model of the five stages of grief proposed by Kubler-Ross. Method. The Phases of Grief Scale was applied to a non-probability sample of 120 Mexican women with cancer. Factor analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the data. Results. One-factor models were defined for each phase of grief with high internal consistency, fit to the data, and content validity. The sequential model of five stages of grief showed a poor fit to the data. The stages of grief were independent of time from the moment of diagnosis of cancer. A non-sequential model had a good fit to the data. In this model, denial predicted anger, negotiation with a superior being and depression; for its part, anger predicted depression; negotiation with a superior being predicted acceptance; and depression predicted less acceptance. Conclusion . Six interrelated psychological responses due to loss of health were observed among these Mexican women with cancer, rather than a sequence of stages during the grieving process. From the 39 selected items, a scale of six factors and two correlated dimensions: positive affect (promises/covenant, faith/hope, and acceptance) and negative affect (denial, depression, and anger) can be defined.

Effect of Tai Chi Practice on Stress, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Life Expectancy and a Structural Model of Relation Among These Variables Taking Into Account Age

The aims of this article were to (a) investigate whether practicing Tai Chi has an effect on stress, self-esteem, and perceived life expectancy and (b) contrast a structural model of relation between the three latter variables taking into account age. One scale to assess stress, another scale to assess perceived life expectancy, and the 10-item Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale were administrated to a nonprobability sample of 86 Tai Chi practitioners and 91 sedentary persons. Tai Chi practitioners had a lower level of stress, a greater self-esteem, and a greater perceived life expectancy than sedentary persons. Self-esteem had an effect on stress and perceived life expectancy, and stress had an effect on perceived life expectancy in both Tai Chi practitioners and sedentary persons. Age was correlated to self-esteem among sedentary persons, but not among Tai Chi practitioners. Age had a direct effect on perceived life expectancy among Tai Chi practitioners, but not among sedentary persons. It is concluded that Tai Chi practice has a beneficial effect on stress, perceived life expectancy, and self-esteem.The aims of this article were to (a) investigate whether practicing Tai Chi has an effect on stress, self-esteem, and perceived life expectancy and (b) contrast a structural model of relation between the three latter variables taking into account age. One scale to assess stress, another scale to assess perceived life expectancy, and the 10-item Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale were administrated to a nonprobability sample of 86 Tai Chi practitioners and 91 sedentary persons. Tai Chi practitioners had a lower level of stress, a greater self-esteem, and a greater perceived life expectancy than sedentary persons. Self-esteem had an effect on stress and perceived life expectancy, and stress had an effect on perceived life expectancy in both Tai Chi practitioners and sedentary persons. Age was correlated to self-esteem among sedentary persons, but not among Tai Chi practitioners. Age had a direct effect on perceived life expectancy among Tai Chi practitioners, but not among sedentary persons. It is concluded that...

Validación del inventário de ansiedad y fobia social en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos

Este articulo tiene como objetivos estudiar la estructura factorial, consistencia interna, distribucion, diferencias entre sexos, validez convergente y relacion con la edad y deseabilidad social del Inventario de ansiedad y fobia social (Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory [SPAI]). En una muestra de 695 estudiantes universitarios con cuotas equivalentes por sexos se aplicaron el SPAI, la Escala de ansiedad en la interaccion social (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale [SIAS]), la Escala de autoverbalizaciones al hablar en publico (Self-Statements during Public Speaking Scale [SSPS] y el Inventario balanceado de deseabilidad social al responder (Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding [BIDR]). Reducido el SPAI a 41 items, el modelo estructural de un factor de fobia social (con cinco factores subordinados) correlacionado con un factor de agorafobia mostro un ajuste adecuado a los datos. Los valores de consistencia interna fueron altos, las distribuciones asimetricas positivas, las mujeres promediaron mas alto que los hombres, las correlaciones fueron bajas con edad y el factor de manejo de la impresion del BIDR, y moderadas con SIAS y SSPS. Se sugiere el uso del SPAI-41 en Mexico y su estudio en otros paises hispanoparlantes. ABSTRACT The aims of this paper were to study the factorial structure, internal consistency, distribution, sex differences, convergent validity, and the relation to age and social desirability of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI). The SPAI, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Self-statements Scale during Public Speaking (SSPS) and Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR), were administered to a sample of 695 college students with equivalent gender quotas. If the SPAI is reduced to 41 items, a structural model of one factor of social phobia (with five subordinate factors) correlated with one factor of agoraphobia showed an adequate fit to the data. The internal consistency values were high, distributions were positively skewed, women averaged higher than men, and correlations were low with age and the BIDR impression management factor. They were moderate with the SIAS and SSPS. We suggest the use of the SPAI-41 in Mexico and its study in other Spanish-speaking countries.

Parenting Behaviors and Their Relationship With Alcohol Involvement in Mexican Teenagers and Young Adults

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify relationships between perceived parenting behaviors and alcohol involvement in Mexican teenagers and young adults. Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU-I) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaires were administered to 276 students from technical schools. Lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 76.1%. Findings revealed that higher perception of parenting behaviors (rejection and overprotection) was significantly related to higher involvement with alcohol. Those results were consistent in men. Results suggest that parental rejection and overprotection, as well as sex of the offspring, are key elements that must be studied extensively among youths in order to justify preventive strategies toward reducing alcohol use in Mexico.

VALIDACIÓN DEL PERFIL DE IMPACTO DE SALUD ORAL APLICADO A PACIENTES CON ENFERMEDAD PERIODONTAL

Introduction: the metric properties of the Oral Health Impact Profile applied to Periodontal Disease (OHIP-14-PD) have not been properly studied and questions remain about the factor structure of OHIP-14. The objectives of the present study were to analyze the distribution, discriminability, and internal consistency of the items and total score of the OHIP-14-PD, prove their discriminant validity to differentiate between periodontal and gingivitis patients, explore their factor structure, and contrast several factor models proposed for the OHIP-14, determining the internal consistency and the convergent and discriminant validity of its factors. Methods: a non-probabilistic sample was gathered including 249 adult dental patients in the city of Monterrey (Mexico). Results: the internal consistency of the 14 items was very high (ordinal α = 0.928). The distribution of the total score showed asymmetry and positive kurtosis, i.e. concentration in low scores. The central tendency of periodontal patients was significantly higher than that of gingivitis patients. The exploratory factor analysis yielded two models: one with one factor, and one with three factors (physical impact [items 1 to 4 and 7], physical disability [items 5 and 6] and psychosocial impact [items 8 to 14]). The hierarchical factor models proposed for the OHIP-14 showed standardized parameters outside the range of allowable values. Conclusions: The OHIP-14-PD has internal consistency and discriminant validity. The one-factor model is the best model. Its adjustment improves by specifying a correlation between the residuals of the two items corresponding to the physical disability factor.

Validación del Inventario Breve de Síntomas (BSI-18) en mujeres mexicanas diagnosticadas con cáncer de mamaValidación del Inventario Breve de Síntomas (BSI-18) en mujeres mexicanas diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama

El distres es una experiencia emocional desagradable que puede afectar al afrontamiento y curso de una enfermedad oncologica. El Inventario Breve de Sintomas (BSI-18) es usado frecuentemente en pacientes oncologicos para medir distres. No obstante, su estructura factorial no esta bien establecida, y sus propiedades metricas no han sido estudiadas con muestras mexicanas. La presente investigacion tiene como objetivos estudiar la distribucion, discriminabilidad y homogeneidad de los items del BSI-18, estimar la consistencia interna del BSI-18, determinar su estructura factorial y calcular la validez convergente, discriminante y consistencia interna de sus factores. Se recolecto una muestra intencional de 203 mujeres con cancer de mama en tratamiento oncologico. Todas ellas eran adultas tratadas en la ciudad de Monterrey, Mexico. Todos los items del BSI-18 resultaron discriminativos y consistentes. Sus distribuciones mostraron mayor concentracion en valores bajos. La consistencia interna de la escala fue alta (α de Cronbach=0,888). El modelo de un factor general de distres con tres factores jerarquizados (depresion, sintomas simpaticos de ansiedad y sintomas vasovagales de ansiedad) mostro las mejores propiedades de bondad de ajuste. Tambien sus factores tuvieron las mejores propiedades de validez convergente y consistencia interna. Ademas, este modelo permitio superar los problemas de validez discriminante entre los factores. Se concluye que, en la poblacion estudiada de mujeres diagnosticadas con cancer, se pueden retener todos los items del BSI-18, y la escala resulto consistente y valida desde un modelo jerarquizado de tres factores.

Predictores psicosociales de adherencia a la medicación en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Resumen Se diseno un estudio con los objetivos de estimar la prevalencia de pacientes con problemas de adherencia a la medicacion, y estudiar la asociacion entre el numero de problemas de adherencia y variables socio-demograficas, clinicas, de percepcion de la enfermedad y apoyo social. Para ello, se selecciono una muestra probabilistica de 289 pacientes de la Clinica de Diabetes de Servicios Medicos de la Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Mexico, a la que se aplico una escala de adherencia a la medicacion, un cuestionario de percepcion de la enfermedad y dos escalas de apoyo social fueron aplicadas a una muestra probabilistica. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que la prevalencia de problemas de adherencia al tratamiento fue significativa; que la adherencia al tratamiento fue predicha por mayor mejoria percibida y mayor edad. Este modelo mostro un buen ajuste a los datos por el metodo de maxima verosimilitud. En conclusion, la medicacion que genera una mejoria percibida por el paciente es el factor mas importante para predecir adherencia a la medicacion.

Violencia de Pareja y Alexitimia en Mujeres Neoleonesas

The aims of this paper were: 1) to estimate the levels of couple violence (received and exercised) and alexithymia among women, and 2) to study the relationship among alexithymia and violence. The Questionnaire of Couple Violence and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) were applied to a nonprobability sample of 118 Mexican women with a heterosexual partner. Mean of age was 35 years old (SD = 10) ranking from 18 to 57. Regarding marital status, 53 of 118 women (45%) reported being married, 28 (24%) separated, 21 (18%) in free union with a partner, 11 (9%) single, 4 (3%) divorced and 1 (1%) widow. Indices of received violence and exerted violence that vary from 0 to 100 were calculated multiplying reported frequency by reported damage. Comparisons of means for Student’s t-test, linear correlations, linear regression and path analysis were use for data analysis. Alexithymia (TAS-20 total scores ≥ 61) was found in 42% of women, received violence in 25% (scores of received violence index ≥ 30), and exercised violence in 5% (scores of received violence index ≥ 30). The mean of index of received violence was higher than the one of index of exerted violence (t[117] = 4.15, p < .01). Alexithymia was associated to violence. Its correlation was higher with received violence than with exerted violence. A reactive violence pattern was observed in which alexithymia acts as a risk factor. In this path model, alexithymia (TAS-20 total score) determined both the received damage as the index of exerted violence. The received damage determined the index of exerted violence. The variable of level of education was added as a determinant of the index of exerted violence, owing to model ran out degrees of freedom with only one variable exogenous (alexithymia).The model explained 21% of the variance of exerted violence and 19% of the variance of received damage with a close fit to the data (χ2 [1, N = 118] = 0.14, p = .71, GFI = 1, AGFI = .99, NFI = 1, CFI = 1, and RMSEA = 0). This relationship among alexithymia and violence could probably be due to the adjustment and control problems that alexithymia involves. It is suggested to assess alexithymia in new studies and interventions in couple violence.