José Ramos Nogueira

Óxido de cálcio como aditivo na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar

This research evaluated the addition of three levels of calcium oxide (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%) at the sugar cane ensiling. Chemical composition was evaluated during fermentation and after silo opening. Before ensiling, increasing levels of calcium oxide reduced the NDF, ADF, and lignin concentration, and increased hemicellulose and in vitro true dry matter digestible-IVTDMD. At the silo opening, it was observed greater NDF and ADF concentration, compared to values observed before ensiling. The smallest values were observed on the treatments with greater additive application. In this same phase, the highest additive level resulted in the highest IVTDMD. The CP, NDF, ADF, lignin, hemicellulose, and IVTDMD did not present significant changes from the silos opening until the 3rd day of air exposure. The control and 0.5% calcium oxide silage presented significant increase on the NDF concentration from the 3rd to the 6th day of air exposure. Silages treated with 0.5% of calcium oxide increased the NDF concentration from the 6th to the 9th day. Silage treated with 1.0% of calcium oxide changed the composition from the 3rd to the 9th day. Silages with 2.0% of calcium oxide did not change the NDF concentration after silos opening. The IVTDMD and non-structural carbohydrates recovery increased on the silages treated with 2.0% of the additive at the ensiling and on those silages treated with 1.0 and 2.0%, the recovery was greater after the silo opening. Addition of calcium oxide reduced silage NDF concentration in all the phases, and it maintained more stable the NDF values after silo opening.

Concentração de nitrogênio uréico plasmático (NUP) e produção de leite de vacas mestiças mantidas em gramíneas tropicais sob pastejo rotacionado

The experiment was performed to evaluate plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) level of crossbred cows under two rotational grazing areas, one of elephantgrass cv. Guacu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Guacu) and other one of Tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania). Forage production, stem, leaf and dead material were also evaluated, on dry matter basis (DM), as well as the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the forage samples. Blood was collected four times, using 16 cows for grass species. The average of pre grazing forage mass was 5321 and 5384 kg of DM/ha by grazing cycles for elephantgrass and Tanzaniagrass. The forage disappeared after grazing, as leaf, stem and dead material was 1400, 620 and 443 kg of DM/ha for elephantgrass and 1586, 736 and 132 kg of DM/ha for Tanzaniagrass, by grazing cycle. The averages of CP and NDF in the forage samples during four grazing cycles in the stem, leaf, dead material and residue were 8.4, 78.5, 6.9, 77.1, 12.5, 76.3, 5.3, 82.6, 6.5, 80.2, respectively, for elephantgrass and 9.3, 81.6, 7.4, 82.4, 14.3, 80.4, 6.3, 82.9, 7.6, 81.6, respectively, for Tanzaniagrass. Significant difference was observed for PUN levels of cows fed different grass species and for time of sampling of the blood. The averages of PUN were 9.8 mg/dL for the cows grazing elephantgrass and 10.6 mg/dL for the cows grazing Tanzaniagrass. The low levels of PUN reflect low level of crude protein ingestion, for cows grazing tropical pastures.

Objetivos de seleção e valores econômicos de características de importância econômica para um sistema de produção de leite a pasto na Região Sudeste

As part of a preliminary study on the design of a breeding program involving Holstein Friesian and crossbred cattle (Holstein x Zebu) in the Southeast region of Brazil, economic values for milk volume (V), fat (F) and protein (P) production, age at first calving (AFC), mature body weight (MBW) and herd life (HL) were derived for a pasture based milk production system of crossbred cattle (Holstein x Zebu). The feeding regime was based on rotational grazing of elephantgrass during the rainy season and grazing plus maize silage during the dry season. Concentrates were fed when daily individual productions exceed 6-kg milk (1 kg concentrate: 2.5 kg milk). Sensitivity analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of the change of payment system and milk price variation on economic values of the traits. Economic values were also derived for an alternative source of roughage supplementation based on the mixture of sugar cane plus urea. The economic values (US

Estimativa do Consumo Voluntário do Capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq. cv. Tanzânia) por Vacas em Lactação sob Pastejo Rotacionado

) derived for the current payment system for V, F, P, AFC, MBW and HL were, respectively: 0.15; -0.48; -0.31; -0.11; 0.08 and 0.04. Results of sensitivity analyses are presented and discussed.

Perdas fermentativas, composição química, estabilidade aeróbia e digestibilidade aparente de silagem de cana-de-açúcar com aditivos químico e microbiano

The trial was carried out in a Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum) pasture, rotationally grazed by lactating cows, to estimate the dry matter intake. Three treatments were tested: crossbred cows fed 3 kg per day of concentrate and crossbred and Zebu cows (Gyr) without concentrate supplementation. The forage availability was 7,340.2 kg of dry matter (DM) /ha before and 5,639.5 after the 3rd grazing day. The Tanzania grass DM intake was 8.26 ± 5.66, 11.01 ± 5.37 and 9.55 ± 2.31 kg of DM/cow/day per day or 2.15, 2.37 and 2.34% of live weight, respectively, for the supplemented crossbred cows and non supplemented crossbred and Zebu cows. The average milk production was higher for the supplemented group (11.98 kg/cow/day). The milk production observed by the non supplemented cows was similar. Milk yield of 6.53 was obtained for non supplemented crossbred cows and 5.46 kg per cow/day was performed for the Zebu cows.

Efeito do dia de ocupação sobre a produção leiteira de vacas mestiças em pastejo rotacionado de forrageiras tropicais

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence addition whitewash (CaO) and Lactobacillus buchneri in fermentation losses, nutritional value, aerobic stability and apparent digestibility of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) silages. A first experiment evaluated fermentation losses, pH and temperature values, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of sugarcane silages with or without bacterial inoculants (L. buchneri) or CaO. A second experiment evaluated intake and apparent digestibility of sugarcane silage with the same additives to sheep. The additives did not reduce silage losses, and silages with CaO presented greater effluent losses. The intake of silage with inoculant was lower than of silage with CaO and in natura sugarcane. Dry matter apparent digestibility of CaO silage was lower than that of in natura sugarcane and of silage with inoculant. Greater values were observed in ether extract for silage treated with CaO when compared to in natura sugarcane. Total digestible nutrients values of in natura sugarcane and of silage with inoculant or CaO were 61.2, 54.1, and 51.7%, respectively. Regardless of the additive, sugarcane ensilage results in nutrient loss and in reduced digestibility.

Sistema de produção de bulbalinos para carne em pastagens de capim colonião na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo

The study was carried out to observe the fluctuation of milk yield of crossbred cows in two rotational grazing systems of elephant grass cv. Guacu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum and Tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), according of period of occupation (2 days of occupation with 40 days resting and 3 days of occupation with 33 days resting, respectively), fertilized with 200 kg of N/ha/year. Nineteen paddocks of elephantgrass and 15 of Tanzaniagrass were studied. The statistical analysis was performed considering lactation phase of cows, paddocks and days of occupation. For elephantgrass there was an interaction effect of lactation phase and days of occupation, but no difference was observed for days of occupation. Averages of daily milk yield were 10.3 ± 3.3 and 10.4 ± 3.2 kg/day for 1st and 2nd of days of occupation, respectively. For Tanzaniagrass there was a significant effect for milk yield, according to days of occupation and for interaction of paddocks and days of occupation. The averages of daily milk yield were 10.6 ± 3.0; 11.0 ± 3.1; 10.6± 3.16 kg/cow/day for 1st, 2nd and 3rd days of occupation, respectively.