Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa

Proteinograma sérico de bezerras sadias, da raça holandesa, no primeiro mês pós-nascimento

Com a finalidade de estabelecer valores de referencia do proteinograma serico e avaliar o efeito do fator etario, estudaram-se amostras de soro sanguineo de 300 bezerras sadias, da raca Holandesa, no primeiro mes pos-nascimento, distribuidas por 15 grupos etarios. O teor serico de proteina total foi minimo nos animais com ate oito horas de idade, aumentando progressivamente ate o 4o dia, quando alcancou o valor maximo seguindo, entao, com pequenas oscilacoes ate o 30o dia. Os teores de albumina serica apresentaram pequenas elevacoes a partir das 24 horas de vida, sendo o aumento significativo apos 13 a 15 dias e mantendo-se ate os 30 dias de idade, quando registrou-se o valor maximo. As taxas sericas de alfaglobulina nao demonstraram variacoes significativas entre os grupos etarios. Os teores de betaglobulina serica aumentaram progressivamente ate sete a nove dias pos-nascimento, quando alcancaram um valor maximo, sendo este seguido por pequenas variacoes ate o final das observacoes. A concentracao serica de gamaglobulina que foi minima ate oito horas de idade, evoluiu com aumentos significativos ate dois dias de idade, quando atingiu um valor maximo, tendo estabilidade dos valores ate o 11o dia de idade e, na sequencia, apresentou queda progressiva das taxas ate os 30 dias. A relacao albumina:globulina evidenciou um valor maximo nos animais com ate oito horas de idade, seguido por queda significativa ate os dois dias pos-nascimento, quando passou a apresentar valores relativamente estaveis mantidos ate os 15 dias de idade, demonstrando entao tendencia a aumentos ate o final do periodo de estudo. Todos os componentes do proteinograma, com excecao da fracao alfaglobulina, apresentaram variacoes influenciadas pela idade.

TEMPO DE VIABILIDADE DE AMOSTRAS DE SANGUE VENOSO BOVINO DESTINADAS AO EXAME HEMOGASOMÉTRICO, QUANDO MANTIDAS SOB CONSERVAÇÃO EM ÁGUA GELADA

In order to verify the viability of blood gas analysis in bovine venous blood stored on ice water bath, two samples (10ml each) were taken from the jugular vein of 14 healthy animals (7 males and 7 females), 1- to 5-year-old, using plastic syringes and attached needles filled with sodium heparin (1,000IU). The blood samples were obtained anaerobically, the air bubbles observed were immediately removed, and the needle was maintened capped with a rubber stopper. Each syringe of the pair was distinctally stored at room temperature (23-30oC) or in ice water bath (0-4oC) during the experimental period. Values of pH, carbon dioxide (PvCO2) and oxigen (PvO2) tensions, bicarbonate (HCO3-), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), base excess (BE), standard bicarbonate (StB), oxigen saturation (SatO2), and oxigen content (O2) were determined soon after sampling and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours. According to the type of storage temperature, the results were analysed through repeated measurements ANOVA, considering the contrast between the mean value of each time and the initial one. On the storage at room temperature, the in vitro changes were characterized from continuous decreases in pH, PvO2, BE, StB, SatO2, and O2 values, and gradual increase in PvCO2, starting at 2- or 3-hour after the collection. In the samples stored at 0-4oC, on the other hand, the changes in pH occurred only at the 4th hour, and the stability of the PvCO2, BE, and StB values were maintened for up to the 6th hour. These results indicated that the diagnostic utility of blood gas analysis is conserved in bovine venous blood samples adequately stored up to 6 hours in ice water bath, at 0-4oC.

Efeito da idade sobre o equilíbrio ácido-básico de bezerras sadias no primeiro mês de vida

Venous blood samples of 300 healthy female Holstein calves were used to study the effect of the age on the acid-base balance in the neonatal period. The calves were divided in 15 age groups: from birth to 8 h; 8 to 16 h; 16 to 24 h; 2 d; 3 d; 4 d; 5 d; 6 and 7 d; 8 and 9 d; 10 and 11 d; 12 and 13 d; 14 and 15 d; 16 to 20 d; 21 to 25 d; and 26 to 30 d. Blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, BE, StB and SatO2 values were measured and the results were analysed through ANOVA. The correlation between the variables and age in the first day of life was studied. The influence of the type of parturition (normal versus assisted or dystocic) on the acid-base status was compared. Blood pH and pCO2 values were respectivelly lower and higher in the first age group; BE and StB were reduced in the first 16 h of life, showing a trend to increase up to the 5th day of life. The older the calf, in the first day of life, the higher the blood pH, BE, and StB; the lower the blood pCO2. Few changes occurred in the acid-base status of calves born from different types of parturition. These results reforced the evidence that mixed acidosis presented at birth tend to be reverted during the first days of life. The acid-base vriables remained stable along the rest of the neonatal period.

Biochemical parameters to evaluate liver function of healthy female holstein calves during the first month of live

Three hundred healthy female Holstein calves were used for assess the liver function throughout the first month of life. The following serum biochemical variables were analysed: bilirrubin (total, direct and indirect) and the activities of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK). The influence of age on the biochemical values was also studied. The bilirrubin values had highest levels on the 1st d of life (BT-1.360mg/dl; BC-0.150mg/dl e BL-1.175mg/dl) and then showed a continuing decrease until the 30th d of life (BT-0.350mg/dl; BC-0.050mg/dl e BL-0.300mg/dl). The serum GGT activities were at they highest point between the 16th to 24th h (945.00UI/L). There was a downward trend from the 11th d (86.00UI/), presenting the lowest activity at the 30th d (24.00UI/) similar to the activities usually found in healthy adult dairy cattle. The activities of AST and CK were higher at the 1st d of life (AST- 27.50UI/L e CK- 73.00UI/L) declining from then on (AST- 19.00UI/L e CK-41.50UI/L). Ageing showed a significant influence on all the biochemical variables studied.

Neurological and epidemiological aspects of a BoHV-5 meningoencephalitis outbreak

Bovine herpesvirus 5 is a DNA virus that has been associated with meningoencephalitis in young cattle. While its clinical diagnosis is obscured by other major diseases that also produce similar neurological disease in cattle, the use of conventional virological techniques is hampered by the establishment of a lifelong latent infection in the host and the difficulty in differentiating BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. The aim of the current report is to describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects observed in a natural outbreak of BoHV-5 meningoencephalitis in a dairy cattle herd from Brazil. In the outbreak, the affected animals consisted of nine calves, which presented three possible forms of the neurological disease, subjectively classified as peracute, acute, and subacute/chronic. In contrast to conventional herpetic meningoencephalitis, characterized mainly by progressive multifocal brain dysfunctions, BoHV-5 infection resulted in focal non-progressive caudal brainstem dysfunction (pontomedullary syndrome) in an animal presented with subacute/chronic BoHV-5 meningoencephalitis. The evaluation of CNS tissue of affected calves through both histological examination and multiplex-PCR was able to confirm BoHV-5 infection. Additionally, the analysis of CSF samples through PCR allowed ante-mortem BoHV-5 diagnosis during the outbreak, which enabled the implementation of several measures of control for the disease.

Molecular characterization of encephalitic bovine listeriosis from southern Brazil.

Reports of bovine listeriosis in Brazil are uncommon, being restricted to citations within retrospective studies, resulting in scarce documented information of this important disease of cattle. This manuscript describes the molecular findings associated with spontaneous encephalitic listeriosis in two steers from distinct herds within the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Both animals demonstrated altered consciousness suggestive of brain stem dysfunctions and died a few days after the initial onset of disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were designed to target specific genes of infectious neurological agents of cattle. These included bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 (BoHV-1 and BoHV-5), ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), Listeria monocytogenes, and Histophilus somni. Rabies virus was discarded in evaluations done at the official state diagnostic laboratory. Gross alterations were insignificant; histopathology demonstrated rhombencephalitis associated with macrophage-predominant, multifocal to coalescing microabscesses and extensive perivascular cuffings in both steers. The L. monocytogenes PCR assay amplified the 172-bp amplicon of the listeriolysin gene from the brain stem of both animals and from the telencephalon, thalamus, and cerebellum of one of them. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the strains derived from this study clustered with known strains of L. monocytogenes lineage I. The BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, OvHV-2, and H. somni PCR assays were negative. These results confirm the participation of L. monocytogenes lineage I in the etiopathogenesis of the neurological disease herein described and represent the first complete description of encephalitic listeriosis in cattle from Brazil.

Fatores de risco, etiologia e aspectos clínicos da mastite em ovelhas de corte no Paraná

Mastits is infrequent in meat ewes. However Santa Ines ewes have a high incidence of this disease and it is severe and difficult to treat. The goal of this study was to characterize clinical, epidemiological and etiological aspects of clinical mastitis in meat ewes reared in the north of Parana, Brazil. Fifith four farms were visited from October 2009 to September 2010. The surveyed data included frequency, breeds of sheep affected, lamb mortality rates, main clinical signs, attempts and outcome of treatment, method and period of weaning and management features. Seventy ewes with clinical mastitis were fully examinated and samples of mammary secretion were asseptically taken for bacteriological culture. Mastitis was identified in 39 farms (72.3%) as a relevant problem (mean frequency was 6,74%). Chronic and acute mastitis were observed in 69% and 31% of the examinated ewes, respectively. In both cases, phlegmonous mastitis was the most prevalent form (65.5%). Coagulase negative Staphylococccus (CNS) was the main isolated microorganism (54.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (11.5%, each one). Mannheimia haemolytica was found in two cases. The risk factors for clinical mastitis were intensive management system and Santa Ines breed. Weaning after 120 days of lactation and isolation of affected ewes were associated with lower frequency of mastitis. Preventive measures recommended are daily cleaning of facilities and delayed weaning, mainly in Santa Ines flocks.

Hematological and cerebrospinal fluid changes in cattle naturally and experimentally infected with the bovine herpesvirus 5

Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) meningoencephalitis is one of the main causes of mortality by encephalopathy in Brazilian cattle herds. However, the neurological signs observed are common to several encephalopathies and do not contribute decisively to a diagnosis. In order to verify hematological and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes, blood and CSF samples from naturally and experimentally infected bovines were evaluated. In natural cases (n=17), the samples were collected only once, and in experimental cases (n=7), the samples were sequentially obtained throughout disease progression. While routine methods were used to examine the samples, BoHV-5 infection was confirmed by a PCR assay. Blood analyses did not reveal any consistent hematological alterations and the leukogram results occasionally showed increases in leukocyte and segmented neutrophil. Hyperfibrinogenemia was noted in all experimentally infected calves and in half of the natural cases. Pleocytosis with mononuclear cells was a remarkable finding in CSF collected from both groups of animals and was present even in experimentally infected calves that remained asymptomatic. Therefore, CSF evaluation can be used as an auxiliary method in ante-mortem BoHV-5 diagnosis.

Valores hematológicos de bugios pretos (Alouatta caraya) de vida livre da região do Alto Rio Paraná, sul do Brasil

The hematologic values and the influence of gender and age were described in 36 free-ranging healthy black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) from the region of Parana river, Southern Brazil. The animals were caught with trap models and intramuscularly anesthetized with 5.5mg/kg tilitamine/zolazepam hydrochlorides. The red blood cells were higher in females (4.48±1,36 vs. 3.58±0.91x106/mm3) while mean corpuscular volume (90.99±27.65 and 118.36±44.63 fL) and eosinophils (0.30±0.24 and 0.76±0.85x103/mm3) were significant higher in males. The packed cell volume (39.46±3.53 and 36.69±3.54%) and plasma total protein (7.91±0.53 and 7.40±0.63g/dL) were lower in juveniles.

Efeito alcalinizante de soluções eletrolíticas intravenosas com concentrações elevadas de lactato de sódio infundidas em bezerros sadios

The alkalinizing effects of electrolyte solutions with high concentration of sodium lactate were evaluated in healthy calves. Six solutions were formulated containing 28, 56 and 84mEq/L of lactate (L28, L56 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28, B56 and B84), and sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations similar to the lactated Ringers solution (LRS). The solutions containing sodium bicarbonate were used as a standard for comparison. Six calves received all six solutions intravenously, one at a time, with an interval of four to five days between the infusions, in a volume corresponding to 10% of body weight, during five hours (20mL/kg/h). Venous blood and urine samples were taken prior to the beginning of the infusion, at a half volume, at the end and two and a half hours after the end of the infusion. Total plasma protein concentration, urinary and blood pH, blood pCO2, HCO3- and BE, plasma and urine L lactate concentration and serum and urine Na+, K+, Cl- and creatinine concentrations were measured. The L28 solution, equal to LRS, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve, producing an alkalinizing effect insufficient for correction of metabolic acidosis states. The L84 solution was safe and produced the greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to B84 solution, and suitable for correcting a moderate degree of metabolic acidosis.