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Featured researches published by K. Schnabel.


Intensive Care Medicine | 2000

Cortical arousal in critically ill patients: an evoked response study

I. Rundshagen; K. Schnabel; Werner Pothmann; B. Schleich; J. Schulte am Esch

Abstract Objective: Assessing the level of sedation in critically ill patients remains a challenge for the intensivist in order to avoid over or under-sedation. Clinical scoring systems may fail in patients with concomitant neurological disorders or requiring muscle relaxants. We evaluated auditory (AER) and median nerve somatosensory evoked responses (MnSSER) in critically ill patients sedated with sufentanil and propofol, in order to quantify the level of sedation during therapeutic interventions. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Anaesthesiological intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital. Patients and participants: Thirty-two patients following major abdominal or thoracic surgery requiring sedation during their stay on the ICU. Interventions: During physiotherapy and following nursing care (tracheal suctioning) AER and MnSSER were recorded. The level of sedation was evaluated clinically in relation to vital parameters. Data were analysed by multivariate analyses of variance (Hotellings T2), Friedman test. Measurements and results: In comparison to baseline levels the AER latency Nb decreased, while the amplitude NaPa increased during physiotherapy and after tracheal suctioning (p<0.001). In contrast, the MnSSER latency P25 decreased and the amplitude P25N35 increased after tracheal suctioning only (p≤0.001). Clinical sedation scores decreased and mean arterial blood pressure increased during physiotherapy and nursing care. Conclusions: Changes of AER or MnSSER waves indicated cortical arousal in ICU patients during nursing care and physiotherapy. Further studies with evoked responses are recommended to evaluate whether bolus injections of sedatives and/or analgesics reduce cortical arousal and thereby minimise the patient’s stress during nursing care.


Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica | 1998

Subarachnoid and intravenous PCA versus bolus administration for postoperative pain relief in orthopaedic patients

I. Rundshagen; Eberhard Kochs; Th. Standl; K. Schnabel; J. Schulte am Esch

Background: Patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) with intravenous piritramide and subarachnoid bupivacaine was studied during postoperative pain management in comparison with nurse‐administered bolus injections.


Archive | 1997

Von der Options- zur Realitätslogik. Stabilität und Wandel berufsbezogener Wertvorstellungen in der Statuspassage Schule-Beruf

Susanne Heyn; K. Schnabel; Peter Martin Roeder

Daruber, wie Jugendliche uber das Arbeitsleben denken und was sie von ihrer eigenen beruflichen Zukunft erwarten, wurde bis Ende der siebziger Jahre in den Sozialwissenschaften vorwiegend unter dem Gesichtspunkt des intergenerativen Wertewandels diskutiert. Die Veranderung des subjektiven Stellenwerts von Arbeit beziehungsweise Erwerbstatigkeit fur die eigene Lebensfuhrung galt neben dem Wandel der religios-kirchlichen Bindung und der Einstellung zur Ehe als „Konigsindikator“ (Fend 1988, 91) fur einen kulturellen Wandel, der sich nicht nur, aber ganz besonders, uber die jeweils nachwachsende Generation vollzieht. Auch wenn sich Wertewandel als soziales Phanomen nicht nur auf die Arbeitssphare begrenzt, wurde er fur diesen Lebensbereich als besonders folgenreich erachtet. In der vorherrschenden Einstellung zur Arbeit wurde ein konstitutiver Aspekt des Wirtschaftsaufschwungs gesehen und somit ein Wandel von Arbeitshaltungen als bedrohlich hierfur eingeschatzt.


Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica | 2000

Midlatency median nerve evoked responses during recovery from propofol/sufentanil total intravenous anaesthesia

I. Rundshagen; K. Schnabel; J. Schulte Am Esch

Background: Median nerve somatosensory evoked responses (MnSSER) are frequently used to monitor the integrity of the somatosensory pathway during surgery. We investigated MnSSER components during the wakeup phase from anaesthesia with propofol/sufentanil, because detailed information is lacking about the reversibility of anaesthetic induced changes of MnSSER. The aim of the study was to document precisely the MnSSER waves in relation to the clinical awakening. The hypothesis was that anaesthetic induced MnSSER changes are reversed when the patient becomes responsive after anaesthesia.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 2000

Median nerve evoked responses and explicit memory during recovery from isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia

I. Rundshagen; K. Schnabel; Jochen Schulte am Esch

Purpose: To evaluate median nerve somatosensory evoked responses during recovery from anesthesia in relation to clinical findings.Methods: Twenty-two gynecologic patients received isoflurane in nitrous oxide for anesthesia. Midlatency somatosensory evoked responses (N20, P25, N35, P45, N50) were recorded the day before surgery (AWAKE), during steady state anesthesia (STABLE), and every five minutes after discontinuation of anesthesia until the patients were able to name a shown object correctly (RECOVERY). Next day the patients were questioned with a structured interview about their explicit memory of the immediate recovery period and classified into groups: No-MEM (no memory) and MEM (memory). Multivariate analysis of variance compared electrophysiological parameters at the different time points and between the two memory groups.Results: During STABLE isoflurane/N2O anesthesia, all cortical amplitudes were reduced (P≤0.003) and all latencies were prolonged compared with AWAKE (P<0.001). At RECOVERY the latencies N35, P45, N50 remained prolonged (P≤0.001), while the amplitudes N20P25 and P45N50 were reduced in comparison to AWAKE (P≤0.02). The latencies P45 (48±8 vs 61±9 msec) and N50 (67±12 vs 81±10 msec) were shorter in the patients of the group MEM (P≤0.03) at RECOVERY.Conclusion: The reversibility of anesthetic induced changes in amplitudes and latencies of median nerve somatosensory evoked responses reflected clinical awakening during emergence from isoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. In the patients who had recall for the immediate recovery period, the reversibility of anesthetic induced changes of components P45 and N50 was faster than in patients without recall.RésuméObjectif: Évaluer les potentiels évoqués somesthésiques du nerf médian en relation avec les constatations cliniques pendant la récupération de l’anesthésie.Méthode: Vingt-deux patientes de gynécologie ont reçu une anesthésie avec un mélange d’isoflurane et de protoxyde d’azote. Les potentiels évoqués somesthésiques de milatence (N20, P25, N35, P45, N50) ont été enregistrés le jour précédant l’opération (VIGILE), pendant une période stable de l’anesthésie (STABLE) et toutes les cinq minutes après l’arrêt de l’anesthésie jusqu’à ce que les patientes puissent nommer correctement un objet désigné (RÉCUPÉRATION). Le jour suivant, on a interrogé les patientes lors d’une rencontre structurée au sujet de leur mémoire explicite de la période de récupération immédiate. On les a ensuite réparties en groupes: No-MEM (sans mémoire) et MEM (mémoire). L’analyse de variance multivariée a permis de comparer les paramètres électrophysiologiques entre les deux groupes à différents moments.Résultats: Pendant l’action STABLE de l’anesthésie à l’isoflurane/N2 O, toutes les amplitudes corticales ont été réduites (P≤0,003) et tous les temps de latence ont été prolongés, comparés aux données VIGILES (P<0,001). Pendant la RÉCUPÉRATION, les temps de latence N35, P45, N50 sont demeurés longs (P≤0,001), tandis que les amplitudes N20P25 et P45N50 ont été réduites, comparées aux amplitudes VIGILES (P≤0,02). Les temps de latence P45 (48±8vs 61±9 msec) et N50 (67±12 vs 81±10 msec) ont été plus courts chez les patientes du groupe MEM (P≤0,03) à la RÉCUPÉRATION.Conclusion: La réversibilité des changements, induits par l’anesthésique, d’amplitude et de temps de latence des potentiels évoqués somesthésiques du nerf médian correspondait au réveil clinique pendant la récupération de l’anesthésie à l’isoflurane/N2O. Chez les patientes qui ont eu une mémoire immédiate de la récupération, la réversibilité des changements provoqués par l’anesthésique des composantes P45 et N50 a été plus rapide que chez les patientes sans souvenir.


Archive | 2000

Modeling longitudinal and multilevel data : Practical issues, applied approaches, and specific examples

Todd D. Little; K. Schnabel; Jürgen Baumert


Journal of Vocational Behavior | 2002

Parental Influence on Students' Educational Choices in the United States and Germany: Different Ramifications—Same Effect?

K. Schnabel; Corinne Alfeld; Jacquelynne S. Eccles; Olaf Köller; Jürgen Baumert


Archive | 1996

Bildungsverläufe und psychosoziale Entwicklung im Jugendalter (BIJU)

Jürgen Baumert; Peter Martin Roeder; Sabine Gruehn; Susanne Heyn; Olaf Köller; Rolf Rimmele; K. Schnabel; Bettina Seipp


BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia | 1999

Patients' vs nurses' assessments of postoperative pain and anxiety during patient- or nurse-controlled analgesia.

I. Rundshagen; K. Schnabel; T. Standl; J. Schulte am Esch


Archive | 1994

Wertewandel in Ost und West: Ein Vergleich von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen in den neuen und alten Bundesländern

K. Schnabel; Jürgen Baumert; Peter Martin Roeder

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