Karl T. Friedhoff
Hochschule Hannover
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Parasitology Research | 1970
Erich Scholtyseck; Heinz Mehlhorn; Karl T. Friedhoff
SummaryThe merozoites ofEimeria callospermophili andE. stiedae as well as the zoites ofToxoplasma gondii and the M-organism and the erythrocytic merozoites ofBabesia bigemina were studied by means of electron microscopy. The fine structure of the apical pole was analysed, and compared with the results of other studies of sporozoa and related organisms. The following conclusions were made:1.The organelle called conoid, which is defined as a hollow cone-like structure, shows identical components in all parasites studied.2.Babesians, theilerians and plasmodiums have no such organelle; they have, however, other reinforcements of the apical pole.3.The terms “polar ring” and “preconoidal ring” were proposed.4.The fine structure of the intraerythrocytic forms ofBabesia bigemina was described.5.The similarities of the fine structure led to a discussion of taxonomic questions.
Parasitology Research | 1975
Eberhard Schein; Gottfried Büscher; Karl T. Friedhoff
SummaryA laboratory strain of H. a. excavatum was selected on high susceptibility for T. annulata through several generations. Giemsa-stained smears and wet smears of gut and gut content were studied.After engorgement of erythrocytic stages of T. annulata by the nymphs the following development was observed:1.Erythrocytic merozoites developed to slender, spindleshaped “microgamonts” in the gut 24 to 96 hours after repletion (p. repl.). Spherical stages with a conspicuous spike developed at the same time and earlier. The “microgamonts” then form up to 4 nuclei and several flagella-like appendices. Filiform “microgametes” obviously develop from the “microgamonts”. In addition, spherical stages, i.e. “macrogametes”, occur.2.Spherical “zygotes” with a vacuole-like center appear in the epithelial cells of the gut from day 5 p. repl. These “zygotes” increase steadily in size and then stain more intensely up to day 12 p. repl.3.From day 12 p. repl. the spherical “Zygotes” change to elongate forms by a continuing process of folding. Finally, from day 13 p. repl., they extend to clubshaped kinetes. These kinetes move actively by gliding within the gut cells and from day 17 p. repl. in the haemolymph. It could not be decided yet whether these kinetes are oo- or sporokinetes.ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung von Theileria annulata in Nymphen der Überträgerzecke Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum wurde in giemsagefärbten Ausstrichen und im Phasenkontrast untersucht.Durch Selektion über mehrere Generationen wurde ein Laborstamm von H. a. excavatum isoliert, der eine hohe Empfänglichkeit für T. annulata aufwies. Nach der Aufnahme erythrozytärer Stadien stellt sich der Entwicklungsablauf in den Nymphen in folgender Weise dar:1.Im Darmlumen infizierter Nymphen entwickeln sich aus den erythrozytären Merozoiten sowohl schlanke, spindelförmige „Mikrogamonten“, die nach Kernteilung und Ausbildung geißelartiger Fortsätze in fadenförmige „Mikrogameten“ zerfallen, als auch Rundformen, die als „Makrogameten“ angesehen werden.2.In den Epithelzellen des Zeckendarmes treten ab dem 5. Tag nach der Repletion (p. repl.) runde „Zygoten“ mit aufgehelltem Zentrum auf. Eine stetige Größenzunahme und Plasmaverdichtung werden bis zum 12. Tag p. repl. beobachtet.3.Ab dem 12. Tag p. repl. entwickelt sich innerhalb der „Zygote“ durch einseitige Einfaltung ein abgewinkeltes, würmchenförmiges Stadium, das sich ab dem 13. Tag zu einem Kineten entfaltet. Dieser Kinet bewegt sich, aktiv gleitend, im Darm und wird ab dem 17. Tag p. repl. in der Hämolymphe angetroffen.
Parasitology Research | 1991
Karl T. Friedhoff; Claudia Kuhnigk; Irene Müller
Flagellates from the caeca of a diseased hen and a diseased goose were transmitted to 35 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The flagellates of chicken origin were identified asChilomastix gallinarum, Tritrichomonas eberthi, andTetratrichomonas gallinarum. T. eberthi was not detected in the material of goose origin. Morphologic studies did not reveal any differences betweenChilomastix andTetratrichomonas specimens from chicken or goose origin. The species from the goose were identified asC. gallinarum andT. galliarum (Syn.T. anseris Hegner, 1929). Both trichomonad species produced pseudocysts that developed in the faeces of chickens within 3 h after excretion. Only 17% of the trichomonads excreted had reached the pseudocyst stage. All three flagellate species are infective to chickens when inoculated per rectum or per os or when consumed with chlorinated tap water. The prepatency period was always <24 h. SPF chickens between 2 and 30 days of age were equally susceptible. The infections persisted at a high level of intensity throughout the observation periods, i.e. up to 7 months. Of 35 inoculated SPF chickens, 2 developed disease (emaciation, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea, dilatation of the caeca). The three flagellate species were cultivated in Diamonds medium for 110 days. Cryopreserved and cultivated flagellates retained their infectivity to chickens.
Parasitology Research | 1969
Karl T. Friedhoff; Erich Scholtyseck
ZusammenfassungMerozoiten („Vermicula“) und sphäroide Formen von Babesia bigemina im Ovar von Boophilus microplus und B. decoloratus wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht:1.Die sphäroiden Formen liegen in einer parasitophoren Vakuole und transformieren sich dort zu vielfach eingefalteten Merozoiten. Die isolierenden Membranen der parasitophoren Vakuole stehen z.T. mit Membranen des endoplasmatischen Reticulums der Wirtszelle in Verbindung. Die Differenzierung der Merozoiten ist im wesentlichen abgeschlossen, bevor sie sich entfalten.2.Merozoiten, die ohne isolierende Membranen im Wirtszellcytoplasma angetroffen werden, sind häufig noch am Vorder- und/oder Hinterende eingefaltet. Das Wirtszellcytoplasma erscheint in der Umgebung der nicht durch Membranen isolierten Merozoiten regelmäßig destruktiv verändert. Differenzierte Merozoiten liegen auch extrazellulär.3.Die differenzierten Merozoiten enthalten einen relativ großen, sphäroiden Kern mit einem kleinen Nukleolus. Von den Kernmembranen geht ein ER aus, das sich als rauhes ER vor und hinter dem Kern in einer bestimmten, regelmäßigen Anordnung außergewöhnlich stark entwickeln kann. Golgi-Systeme, typische Mitochondrien und ein paariges Organell wurden nicht gefunden, jedoch enthält das Cytoplasma der Merozoiten mehrere verschiedenartige Vesikel und sehr viele Micronemen, von denen einigen einen osmiophilen Kern aufweisen. Die Pellicula der Merozoiten besteht aus zwei Membranen, einer dünnen äußeren, einer Elementarmembran, und einer dickeren, nicht unterbrochenen inneren Membran, deren Struktur noch unbekannt ist. Das Vorderende der differenzierten Merozoiten ist schirmförmig: zentral liegt ein starker Polring, von dem radiärsymmetrisch etwa 32 Rippen ausgehen, die nicht ganz bis zum Rand des Merozoitenvorderendes reichen. Polring und Rippen liegen der inneren Membran an; den Rippen wiederum liegt innen je ein cytoplasmatischer Microtubulus an. Die Microtubuli reichen über die Rippen hinaus, bleiben aber wahrscheinlich auf das Merozoitenvorderende beschränkt. Die äußere und die innere Membran ziehen über den Polring hinweg; sie ließen in diesem Bereich keine Öffnung oder Vesikelbildung erkennen.SummaryThe ultrastructure of merozoites (“vermicules”) and of spherical forms of Babesia bigemina in the ovaries of Boophilus microplus and B. decoloratus was investigated:1.The spherical forms are located within a parasitophorous vacuole, where they are transformed into multifolded merozoites. The isolating membranes of the parasitophorous vacuole are partly continuous with membranes of the host cells ER. The merozoites are almost fully developed before they extend and assume their typical shape.2.Merozoites, located intracellularly without being surrounded by membranes, frequently still exhibit a few folds at the anterior and/or posterior end. The host cell cytoplasm regularly appears to have deterioated in the vicinity of merozoites not surrounded by membranes. Some fully developed and extended merozoites are also situated extracellularly.3.The large, spherical nucleus of the fully developed merozoites contains a small nucleolus. The nuclear membranes are continuous with the membranes of the ER. Abundant amounts of rough, lamellar ER is arranged in a certain, fairly regular pattern anterior and posterior of the nucleus of the merozoite. A Golgi complex, typical protozoan mitochondria, and a paired organelle were not observed. However, other vesicular organelles and numerous micronemes are present. Some micronemes exhibit an intensely staining central core. The merozoites pellicle is composed of two membranes, the outer membrane, a unit membrane, is thinner than the inner one, which is usually not interrupted. The structure of the inner membrane remains uncertain. The anterior end of the merozoite is umbrella-shaped: a prominent polar ring is present in the center of the anterior end. About 32 ribs appear to radiate from the polar ring to the margin of the anterior end. Polar ring and ribs are obviously attached to the inner side of the inner membrane and again a cytoplasmic microtubule is attached to the inner side of each rib. The microtubules appear to be confined to the anterior end. However, the end of the microtubules could not be determined in thin sections. The outer and the inner membrane cover the opening of the polar ring. No opening was observed in the membranes opposite to the polar ring, and no vesicle was formed by the outer membrane at the anterior end of the merozoite.
Zeitschrift f�r Parasitenkunde Parasitology Research | 1978
Eberhard Schein; Karl T. Friedhoff
SummaryFully differentiated kinetes, average length 17.6μm, appeared in the haemolymph of engorged nymphs usually 17 to 20 days after repletion. Kinetes were observed at first in the salivary glands on day 18 after repletion. The kinetes then transformed into fission bodies of about 10μm in diameter, mainly in type III alveoli and less frequently in type II alveoli. The fission bodies grew up to a size of about 20μm after several divisions of their nucleus. At this time the ticks moulted and no further development occurred until activation. Shortly before infestation the salivary glands began to proliferate, and rapid growth of the fission bodies was observed, especially in young ticks where development of ‘infective particles’ (‘sporozoites’) was concluded within two days. Development in feeding adult ticks apparently occurred in four major steps: (1) Division of primary fission bodies (sporonts) into numerous secondary fission bodies (‘primary sporoblasts’), (2) division of secondary fission bodies into tertiary fission bodies (‘secondary sporoblasts’), (3) production of particles (‘sporozoites’) by tertiary fission bodies and release of particles into the saliva, and (4) degeneration of fission bodies and their host cell but further release of particles.The host cell was stimulated to giant growth, thus its diameter increased, on average, from 15 to 110 μm. Heavy infections resulting from parasitaemias of >40% caused disease and mortality in the tick population. Development was much retarded by aging. In ticks starved for six months ‘sporozoites’ did not develop before day five to seven of infestation. ‘Sporozoites’ may not develop at all in six to nine month old female ticks during the infestation period. The significance of the described developmental stages ofT. annulata was discussed and a sexual generation postulated. The hypothetic development ofT. annulata in its tick vector was illustrated.
Parasitology Research | 1987
R. Böse; Karl T. Friedhoff; S. Olbrich; G. Büscher; I. Domeyer
Tabanids were collected in an area in northern Germany, where pastured cattle were abundant. Trypanosomatidae were identified in 14% of tabanids examined. Twelve cattle became infected with Trypanosoma theileri after applying usually 2–5 infected tabanids, to the intact oral mucosa. Haematopota pluvialis, Haematopota italica, Hybomitra micans and Tabanus bromius were identified as vectors. Infective stages of Trypanosoma theileri were identified in the gut and in the faeces of tabanids by transmission experiments. The minimum prepatent period was less than 4 days. No apparent signs of disease were observed in the infected cattle.
Parasitology Research | 1972
Karl T. Friedhoff; Erich Scholtyseck; Günter Weber
SummaryB. ovis forms large schizonts in the secretion producing cells of the salivary glands of adult Rhipicephalus bursa ticks. The merozoites developing from these schizonts are spindle-shaped, and about 2.1 μm long and 0.9 μm wide. The following structures were revealed: Pellicular complex, anterior and posterior polar ring, rhoptries, micronemes, nucleus, mitochondria-like vesicles, and a spherical body. It is usually located between the anterior pole and the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed. Food vacuoles, micropores, a conoid and typical mitochondria were not detected. The parasites are in immediate contact with the host cell cytoplasm; there is no parasitophorous vacuole.ZusammenfassungB. ovis bildet in den sekretorischen Zellen der Speicheldrüsen adulter Zecken (Rhipicephalus bursa) große Schizonten. Die daraus entstehenden Merozoiten haben eine asymmetrische, gedrungene Spindelform; sie sind etwa 2,1 μm lang und 0,9 μm breit. Folgende Strukturen wurden ermittelt: Pellikula, Rhoptrien, Mikronemen, Kern, mitochondrienähnliche Vesikel und ein sphäroider Körper, der meistens seitlich vor dem Kern liegt. Das endoplasmatische Retikulum ist kaum entwickelt. Futtervakuolen, Mikroporen, ein Conoid und typische Mitochondrien wurden nicht gefunden. Die Parasiten liegen unmittelbar im Wirtszellcytoplasma; eine parasitophore Vakuole wird nicht gebildet.
Parasitology Research | 1968
Karl T. Friedhoff; Erich Scholtyseck
ZusammenfassungDie Feinstrukturen von Entwicklungsstadien von Babesia ovis in Ovarien der Zecke Rhipicephalus bursa wurden untersucht. Intrazellulär liegende, sphäroide Formen sind von zwei Membranen umgeben. Die erste, äußere Membran wird wahrscheinlich vom Wirtszell-Cytoplasma gebildet. Die Herkunft der zweiten, inneren Membran läßt sich noch nicht deuten. Ein Einbuchtungs- und Faltungsprozeß führt zu länglichen, noch nicht differenzierten Formen. Die anschließende Differenzierung endet mit der Bildung eines Polringes, subpellikulärer Fibrillen und Toxonemen. Nach der Differenzierung streckt sich die eingefaltete Form zur sog. Vermiculaform.SummaryThe fine structure of developmental stages of Babesia ovis in ovaries of Rhipicephalus bursa has been studied. Intracellular, spherical forms are surrounded by two membranes. The first, outer membrane probably derivates from the host cell cytoplasm. The origin of the second, inner membrane remains uncertain. The spherical forms change to elongate forms by a continuing process of invagination and folding. Then toxonemes, a polar ring and subpellicular fibrils develop. A structure resembling a centriole was observed in the vicinity of a developing polar ring. Finally the fully developed but still folded form extends, thus assuming the typical shape of a vermicule. There was no indication of a cell division during the described vermicule development.
Parasitology Research | 1969
Karl T. Friedhoff
ZusammenfassungEin mit Babesia ovis infizierter Stamm von Rhipicephalus bursa wurde seit über 9 Jahren im Labor unter Bedingungen gehalten, die unkontrollierte Infestationen oder Infektionen ausschließen. In dieser Zeit wurden 15 Zeckengenerationen mit B. ovis ausschließlich transovarial infiziert. Babesien konnten in folgenden Geweben vollgesogener Zeckenweibchen nachgewiesen werden: Darm, Hämolymphe, Subcuticula, Muskeln, Exkretionskanäle und Ovar einschließlich der Eier. Transovarial und außerdem alimentär sowie ausschließlich alimentär infizierte Zeckenweibchen wurden gesondert untersucht.1.Darm. In den Darmepithelzellen wurden, unabhängig vom Infektionsmodus, vom 3. bis zum 22. Tag nach der Repletion Merozoiten und Teilungskörper nachgewiesen.2.Hämolymphe. In den Hämocyten (Granulocyten und neutrophile Hämocyten) und extrazellulär in der Hämolymphe traten vom 5. bis zum 57. Tag nach der Repletion Merozoiten (2 Typen) und Teilungskörper auf. Bei transovarial infizierten Zecken kam es schon vor der Repletion zu einem Befall der Hämolymphe.3.Subcuticula, Muskeln, Exkretionskanäle. In den Zellen dieser Organe konnten zur selben Zeit wie in der Hämolymphe Merozoiten und Teilungskörper nachgewiesen werden. Bei transovarial infizierten Zecken werden auch diese Organe schon vor der Repletion befallen.4.Ovar und Eier. In den peritrachealen Zellen, den Nährzellen und den Oocyten des Ovars wurden vom 5. bis zum 55. Tag nach der Repletion Merozoiten und Teilungskörper sehr unterschiedlicher Art beobachtet. Merozoiten konnten auch extrazellulär im Ovar nachgewiesen werden. Bei transovarial infizierten Zecken war das Ovar schon vor der Repletion infiziert. In den Eiern kommt es in den ersten Tagen nach der Ablage ebenfalls zur Vermehrung der Babesien und zur Bildung eines neuen Merozoitentyps. Das Ovar war bei weitem am häufigsten und am stärksten, die Hämolymphe fast ebenso stark aber nicht so häufig befallen. In den Zellen der Exkretionskanäle wurden nur selten Babesien nachgewiesen.Es wird eine vorläufige, schematische Übersicht über die Entwicklung von B. ovis in R. bursa ♀♀ nach der Repletion gegeben.SummaryA strain of Rhipicephalus bursa infected with Babesia ovis has been maintained in the laboratory for more than 9 years. Uncontrolled babesial infections and natural infection in field ticks can be ruled out under local conditions. The Babesia strain has been passed transovarially to 15 generations of the Rhipicephalus bursa strain. Babesial organisms have been detected in the following tissues of engorged female ticks: gut, hemolymph, epidermis, muscles, Malpighian tubes, ovary, and eggs. Transovarially infected ticks that were also alimentarily infected (group 1) and only alimentarily infected ticks (group 2) were examined separately.1.Gut. Merozoites (“vermicules” and “spherical forms”) and fission bodies were detected in epithelial cells of the gut 3 to 22 days after repletion in both groups.2.Hemolymph. Merozoites (2 types) and fission bodies were observed in hemocytes (granulocytes and neutrophilic hemocytes) or extracellularly in the hemolymph 5 to 57 days after repletion. In group 1 the hemolymph was infected before repletion.3.Epidermis, Muscles, Malpighian Tubes. Merozoites, and fission bodies were detected simultaneously in these tissues and in the hemolymph. In transovarially infected ticks, these tissues were also infected before repletion.4.Ovary and Eggs. Merozoites and rather inconsistent fission bodies were present in peritracheal cells, in nutritive cells, and in oöcytes 5 to 55 days after repletion. Merozoites also occurred extracellularly in the ovary. In transovarially infected ticks, the ovary was infected before repletion. Intensive multiplication occurs in infected eggs during the first 3 days following oviposition. Another type of merozoites develops in eggs. Cycles of multiple fission go on indefinitely in the gut cells, in the hemolymph, and especially in the ovary, where tremendous multiplication occurs. Thus, the ovary proved to be infected most frequently and most intensely, the hemolymph almost as intensely but not so frequently as the ovary. Cells of the Malpighian tubes rarely became infected.A preliminary, schematic description of the development of B. ovis in R. bursa ♀♀ after repletion is presented.
Parasitology Research | 1969
Günter Weber; Karl T. Friedhoff
ZusammenfassungAn Merozoiten von Babesia ovis in der Hämolymphe von Rhipicephalus bursa und Merozoiten von Babesia bigemina in der Hämolymphe von Boophilus microplus und Boophilus decoloratus wurden cytochemische Tests auf DNS, RNS, Lipide und Polysaccharide durchgeführt. Der Merozoitenkern ist feulgenpositiv. Die den Kern undifferenzierter Merozoiten kompakt ausfüllende DNS konzentriert sich in differenzierten Formen an der Kernperipherie. Im Cytoplasma ist kein feulgenpositives Material nachzuweisen. RNS ist im gesamten Cytoplasma der undifferenzierten Merozoiten reichlich vorhanden. In differenzierten Merozoiten akkumuliert die hauptsächliche Masse der RNS in Kernnähe und bildet besonders bei B. ovis intensiv pyroninophile perinukleäre Konzentrationen. Nukleoläre RNS war nicht nachzuweisen. In einem Teil der Merozoiten sind Lipide in geringer Menge vorhanden. PAS-positives Material (Glykogen) scheint in den untersuchten Formen zu fehlen.SummaryMerozoites of Babesia ovis in the hemolymph of Rhipicephalus bursa and of Babesia bigemina in the hemolymph of Boophilus microplus and Boophilus decoloratus were tested cytochemically for DNA, RNA, lipids and polysaccharides. The nucleus of the merozoites is Feulgen positive. In incompletely developed merozoites the nucleus is uniformly packed with DNA. In fully developed merozoites the DNA-material is concentrated in the peripheral zone of the nucleus. No Feulgen positive material was detected in the cytoplasm of the merozoites. Abundant amounts of RNA occur in all of the cytoplasm of incompletely developed merozoites. In fully developed merozoites, most of the RNA-material is concentrated in the vicinity of the nucleus, where intensely stained pyroninophilic areas were observed, especially in merozoites of B. ovis. No nucleolar RNA was detected. Some merozoites contain small amounts of lipids. PAS positive material is obviously absent in the merozoites tested in this study.